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     A Kulu vocabulary and fragments of Kulu grammatical structures 
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                                                   SHIMIZU, Kiyoshi

CONTENTS

Preface
 1. The Kulu language
 2. Informant 
 3. The elicition of data 
 4. A linguistic summary
 5. Kulu-Niger Congo comparison (to be completed)

Part One:  Fragments of Kulu grammatical structures
 1. Phonology 
   1.1. Vowel phonemes
   1.2. Consonant phonemes
   1.3.  Tones
 2. Morphology
   2.1. Noun morphology
   2.2. An outline of the Kulu noun class system

Part Two:  A Kulu basic vocabulary (based on Ibadan wordlist of 400 itms)

Part Three:  An English-Kulu index
_____________________________________________________________________


Preface

1. The Kulu language
  The Kulu language is one of the six Northern Plateau Group languages of 
Platoid, which belongs to the Benue-Congo branch of Niger-Congo family.  It is 
spoken in Kaduna State of Nigeria by about 6,000 people. The name of this 
language is reported, probably for the first time, in Westermann and Bryan 
(1952 pp.104-5) as one of the Class Languages of Nigeria. Greenberg placed it 
in Plateau 2 of his Benue-Congo subfamily.

2. Informant 
  I happened to meet one of its speekers working in the guest house of Bayero 
University, Kano, when I visited Nigeria in 1993-4. We were able to meet five 
times between 20th December 1993 and 12th Januray, 1994, and once on 23rd July,
1994, making up a little over 12 hours' eliciting in all.
  The young gentleman, who patiently sat with me between his official duties, 
is Mr. Dabo Uba Kutu. He was born in August, 1957 in Yelwa Ikulu, but lived 
mainly in Kaduna and Kano since Febryary 1975. His home address was given as:  
  C/o  R. C. M. Church, Gidan Bako, 
       P.M.B. 24, Zonkwa (Zangwon Katab Local Government), 
       Kaduna State, Nigeria.

3. The elicition of data 
  As Mr. Dabo Kutu is bilingual in Kulu and Hausa, the elicitation was carried 
out in Hausa.  The Kulu vocabulary was given by him freely in the first few 
sessions, but by the final session all the items in Ibadan Wordlist of 400 
basic words were elicited. As a result, the Kulu basic vocabulary presented in 
a dictionary format in chapter 2 contains some 600 entries.

4. A linguistic summary
  To summarize, briefly, the results of the analysis based on the above 
material only, the Kulu language has, phonologically, a seven vowel system, 
more or less twenty-five consonants including the palatal series /c, j, sh, zh,
ny y/ and the labial-velars /kp, gb/, but no other exotic consonants such as 
implosives and ejectives, nor fortis/lenis distinction as reported from the 
neighbouring Kaje.  It has three distinct level tones, which are sometimes 
contracted to falling tones.
  Grammatically, it seems to have a full-fledged noun class system, with 
singular/plural class pairs (genders), and noun class concords, whose fragments
are summarized in Chapter One.

 5. Kulu-Niger Congo comparison
  A fourth chapter is in preparation, but not yet ready for publication.That 
is an etymological study of the Kulu vocabulary, based maily on the Kulu- 
Niger Congo comparison, but including the topic of Hausa loanwords and other 
features of the Kulu vocabulary.
  Some Niger Congo-Kulu sound correspondences have already been found:NK : Kulu
-m:p
kumi: k��p   ten
tuma: t��ba  send
doma: luba 22 V  bite

b-:v-
ba: va   dog

  In addition, a more rigorous comparison of the Kulu noun class system and 
that of Niger-Congo can also be carried out.


Chapter One   Fragments of Kulu grammatical structures

1. Phonology 

1.1 Vowel phonemes

(1) There are seven vowel phonemes:/i, e, ��; ��, a; u, o, ��/.  The letters 
/��, ��, ��/ represent a half open front vowel, a half close central vowel, 
and a half open back vowel. Thus:

    Close:          i             u
    Half close:     e      ��     o 
    Half open:      ��          ��
    Open:                  a  

(2) The contrast /e : ��/has been attested by the following items:
i-w��ne 233  nose
��reke ��yweyup 1131331  thick sugar-cane
��reke ��yweyup  2232331  (pl.)
u-fufyen 232 small : u-fufy��n  narrow
Although in some items, either of the two vowels appear:
�@be: b�� subj.rpon 3.person
  be-p��li 133,  b��-pli 23 urine
  iye 23/33 ~iy�� 13/33  liver

(3)Similary the contrast /o : ��/ ihas been attested by the following pairs:
ashes, in-c�փŁ@1133:�@gather,  co�� 22 ~23(?) V.
cock, gin-k��n��/nyin-k��n��: shea-nuts tree,  i-kono/i-kono
Though there are items in which either of the two vowels appear:
o:�� ��-cop/��-cop ~��-c��p/��-c��p  vein, muscle, nerve

(4) The vowel contrast /a : ��/ has been attested by the following items:

kill:  pal 2 V  :  p��l 1 V
a:�� sometimes no contraset, ex.
  amin:��min1.person;  a:�� 3. person
  a-~��-, g��-~ga prefix

(5) The contrast /u :��/ has been attested by the following
items:
int��ba name : tuba 33 horn 
u:�� sometimes no contrast? ex.
  gu-: g��- noun- and concord prefix 
 belly: p�҃�~pu�� 3

(6) The contrast /u : ��/ has been attested by the following items:
      kul�� 13 'beg' :  kulu 11 'beat (drum)'


(7) Phenomena suggesting some kind of vowel harmoney have been observed.  Thus:
     ��-buhu-o kuulushu  2132 333
the sack is empty
g��sal-a 2331  the house
��cob-a shi g��cokru 232 2 312  the muscle is hard
pli 3 (< p��li 13  urinate)
b��- 2
urine ( v. be-p��li 133 urine)
gu-p�҃�/a-p�҃� ~gu-pu��/��-      pu�� 233/233 (a-�ҁF��-u).

(8) Other vowel contrasts noted
i : e : ��: �� : a : u : o : ��
�ÁF�� g��-/b��- 2/2 ~g��-sal 1�@house�@
o:�� ��-cop/��-cop ~��-c��p/��-c��p  
u:�� p�҃� ~pu�� 33 belly        muscle
u : ��
a:��
e:�� i-w��ne 33 nose
u : o  place  ko:ku�Ayoro~yuru teach
kwai 22 V  pluck (fruit)
a[��]min see 1322   I have chosen
a[��]min l��p 132  I have bought 


1.2 Consonant phonemes

(9) The following consonant phonemes have been recorded:
      Labial:         p    b    m    f    v�@�@�@        w  
      Dental:         t    d    n    s    z    r    l
      Palaral:        c    j    ny   sh   zh             y
      Velar:          k    g    ��       [��]  
      Labial velar:   kp   gb  

(10) The  [��], which occurs only medially, has been interpreted as a 
positional allophone of the phoneme /g/.    
 amin k�փ�
 [a-mi-~k��]g�� di-wi ��-y��k
  1  1   2  3   2  3  2  1
             I hear man's voice
na��a 13 V  weave
nu��u 22�@�@pot
u-nyinyaga [nyinya��a]  1111 ��  rough
su��u�@�@progressive marker
kokulu [ko��uru]  cover V
u-ko��u/i-  1-11/1-  wound
i-ma��a  111  testicles
ft   1  1     1  2   1  2
 a min  k�փ��� ri-bun  I want to 
 1  1     1  2   1  2           defecate

(11) Syllable finally only the following consonants occur:
     /p, m; r, l, n; k,  ��/
     Since /r/ does not stand initially except for Hausa loan words, 
, and /t/ does not appear finally, they are in complementary distribution.

(12) Nasalization has benn interpreted as the / ��/ phoneme, pronounced 
loosely.
�� i-f��+nyu~/i-f��+nyu~  ~of hand
  1  3    1  2  3    1 
gu-kuumu~/��-  1-122/1- silk cotton tree
~?/��? in many cases  ~>��
amin k�փ�[k��~] 132�@I have heard


(13) In medial position /l, r/ show contrast:
     r:l  -guru 22  land-monitor :  -gulu 22  go out

(14) Consonant clusters  Cl, Cr, Cw, Cy, NC occur: 

�@�@Cl:   pl    bl               ll   kl �@�@
    Cr:   pr         fr   tr   sr     zr       
    Cy:   py    fy   vy   ty   zy   ly   ny   shy   zhy   ky
�@�@Cw:   pw        cw    jw    shw   kw
    NC 

(15) Examples of the Cl clusters:
     pl: b��-pli 23 urine (< p��li13 urinate)
     bl: bla~bula rain (the medial/u/is short 
     ll: g��-llibi/b��-  1/1 11  hyena
     kl: gu-kli/��- 2-1/2  shoulder

(16) Examples of the Cr clusters:
    pr: gu-pra/��- 11/11  leg, foot
    zr: stream  gu-zri/��-

(17) Examples of the Cw clusters:
    pw:    
    cw:  cwa  12  to pound
    jw:  jwa��  1-21  to shatter (calabash)
    shw: shwa:  to carry, load 
    kw:  kw��k 12  to grind;

(18) Examples of the Cy clusters:
    py: pya [pia] 3 V touch 
    vy: vyu 2  sickness
    ty*: tia 22  sit down�@�@OR: CVV?
�@�@zy: zha, zhi, zhelegu [zhielegu] forget�@
�@�@ly: kilya 12 V  cook
�@�@ny: nyere [niere] 23 V sweep
�@�@sh: crab: ��-shiene/a-shiene  /shyene/?  cf. tail,  u-shene/i-shene 
       (se:sie:sye?)
�@�@ky: kye 2 V  see

(19) Cy clusters and the plain consonants interchange in some items:
    ni~nyi  where  ~nyinyaa 232 V ~ninaa 232 V
 
(20) NC clusters
    nd:  nd��l  2/H _, 3/M _ poss. pron. our
    mba ~mbo 12 verb vonj?and (connects verbs)
    mp: ��-mpla/��- 11/2  nail


1.3  Tones
+
(21)  There are three distinct tone levels, which can be demonstrated by many 
pairs of words..  
   kaana 111  go in! : kaana 221 V fry
   yolo 22 follow :  yolo 23 teach  : yulu 22~32 teach/learn (22 past: 32 
     progress.)
  ��wan  2 V swallow : ��wan 1 V flay
  ��-na�� 32  guts :��-na�� 11 root

(22) Composite tones appear, though their nature is yet to be clarified:
  weyup 31[331?] ~yuyop 23  thick
      composite tone

(23) Some sonorant consonants bear tone(s).  So, non-initial nasals are all 
tone marked: jam 11.  cal  32  woman


1.4  Phonological changes

(24)  Some prominent rules of phonological changes are listed below:
     R. 1.  Intervocalic voicing of the plosives 
     R. 2.  Intervocalic doubling of /l/
     R. 3.  Vowel contraction

(25) Examples of Rule one:


(26) Examples of Rule. 2.
   doubling of /l/
   luba!  Bite!
   gu-lluba 222 to bite

   gu-llii 112
   a min lii 1312  I have licked

   what about the insertion of /n/?:
   gi-m-bu�Ł@�@goat  etc.,

(27) Examples of vowel contraction
   niinyi ��nd��l  232 22 uwayenmu
     (> niiny��nd��l)   
   i-ce nd��l 13 2    our father 
   (ice < ci+e~��)
   ��-nuu yo 232 31  it is right
   baa(<ba+��) nuu yo 23 32 31 it is not right, wrong 

1.5 Intonation
  Intonation
    i-nya��  332  who is it?
    inya�� oo 122 31  ~23 32  who is it?


2. Morphology

2.1 Noun morphology

(28) A noun is made up of a noun stem and a nominal prefix.  A nominalprefix  
signifies with which class the noun is associated with as well as the number 
(singular or plural) of the noun.   
  Ex.  ��-nyi/b��-nyi 23/23  person/persons

(29) The predominant forms of the nominal prefixes are either V- form or CV- 
form.  But in addition there are quite a few prefixes of the form CVN-, in 
which vase it is not always clear whether the -N- element belons the the 
prefix or to the stem. Untill the concord classes are fully established, the 
solutions, as adopted here, based on the noun morphology alone should be 
regarded tentative.  

(30) Many of the nominal prefixes are tonally differentiated, and when the 
segmental form is the same for the singular and the plural, the differrene in 
number is in many cases only that of the tone. The plural prefix shows normally
a higher tone than that of the singular preifx.,except for a few cases. Thus:

(31) Although the segmental form of the stem remains in the majority of the 
nouns the  same in the plural and the singular.  But in many of the nouns the 
tonal form of the stem changes when the plural is formede by prefix change.  
Thus:
  Ex. i-v�փ�/i- 12/33  fish.
  This could be due to the assimilation of the stem tone to the tone of the 
prefix.


2.2.  An outline of the Kulu noun class system

(32) On the basis of the noun class contents and some morphological features, 
the  noun classes, noun class pairs (genders) and single classes (SC, or 
single genders) as presented in Table 1 can be proposed.  Numbering is based 
on the Bantu noun class system as used in (Williamson 1989 pp.38-39).  Since 
the concord classes have not been established, this proposal should be 
regarded purely tnetative and be used only as a working hypothesis.  


Table 1.  The noun classes in Kulu
A. Original classes, showing correspondence to Niger-Congo classes
_____________________________________________________________________
Class I.    Sg.      ��- (��-~a-~0-)     humans
Class II.   Pl.      b��-

Class III.  Sg.      u-                    tail, rope, fire, path
Class IV.   Pl.      i-

Class V.    Sg.      di-                   egg, head, tooth, tongue,
Class VI.   Pl.      ��-(~e-~a-)            breast,

Class VIa.  SC.      b��- ~be; ga-         liquids, blood ; water

Class VIb.  SC.      in-                   mass nouns

Class VII.  Sg.      gi-~gin-~g��~g��-     tree
Class VIII. Pl.      nin-, ni-

Class IX.   Sg.      i- 1                  animal
Class X.    Pl.      i- 2~3

Class XV.   Sg.      gu-                   ear, leg, arm, knee and 
Class VI.   Pl.      ��-(~a-)              other body parts

Class XV.   SC       gu- ~guu-             infinitive

Class XIX            f-                     here, there (fri, fra)


B. Cross pairings and other idiosincratic class pairs:
_____________________________________________________________________
Class I.    Sg.     ��- 1                  Hausa loan words, animals,
Class VI.   Pl.     ��- 2                  body parts

Class VII  Sg.       gi-; g��~g��-         domestic animals; animals,
Class II.  Pl.       b��-                  body parts 

Class VII. Sg.       gi-                   hair and other body
Class VIb. Pl.       in-                   parts, louse

Class VIb. Sg.       en-, ��             insects, birds
Class VIb  Pl.       an-, a��- 

Class III.  SC       u- 1~2                adjectives

Class V.    SC       di-                   abstracta

Class VI.   SC       a-~e-                 abstracta 

Class IX.   SC       i-                    adjectivals
_____________________________________________________________________

(33) Class I/II.  Sg. ��- (��-~a-~0-), Pl.  b��-  CONTENTS: humans
human class: ��-/b��-,��-/b��-
��-nyi ��-sel/b��-nyi a-sel black man
 2   3  2  3   2    3 2  3
��-ny��nyi/b��-nyanii  232/23232 person
(<��-nyi+��+ nyi/b��-nyi+a+nyi) 
��-y��k  21 (man?) 
 ��-��u 11  you here (?)
      a-��u 11  you there(?)
��-kp��r��/b��-kp��r��  the Hausa
 2      1 1  1  1    1 1  1     (?)

human class: a-/b��-:
a-nyincal/b��-cal 21121/232  woman
a-nyin+ci/b��-cii 2111/232  man
    
human class: ?/be-
be m ba be nya�� oo  who are they?
 be-nyaanyii ba  2-3232 3 Mutane ne
(b��?)   3 3  2  3   3   31


(34) Class III/IV.  Sg.  u-, Pl. i-  CONTENTS: tail, rope, fire, path
natural phenomena class: u-/i-  1/1~22
u-uru 111  wind
u-num  22  sun
u-pan 23  moon
u-ta�� 122 town 
u-tra/i- 11/11  path
u-kpu/i- 13/13  hole
u-ko/i-ko 31/11  place
u-kunaa/i-kunaa  2-132/1-132  bed
u-la/i- 23/12  fire


body pats class: u-/i-  3/3~2/2
u-shene/i-  333/3  tail
u-co/i-co  1-2/1-2 ~2-3/2-3  neck
u-d��r/i-  2-3/2-  anus
wound,  u-kogu/i-kogu 111/111.


(35) Class V/VI.  Sg. di-, Pl.  ��-(~e-~a-)  CONTENTS: egg, head, tooth, 
   tongue, breast,

egg* class: di-/��-  2/2~3/3
di-baara/��-baara 2332/2332 
di-bu��/��- 2-3/2-, 
      =ri-b�҃� 2-2  excrement
di-nam/��-nam  22/22  flesh
di-kpa/��-kpa  23/23 �@egg
di-shu/��-  23/23   head
di-z��ri/��- 222/2-  tooth
~di-z��ri/��- 333/3-  tooth
di-lum/��-  33/33  tongue   

egg* class: di-/a- 3/3~2/2
 di-kpa/a-  33/33  egg 
              =di-kpa/��-kpa  23/23  
di-t�փ�/a-  233/233  bee

egg* class: di-/e- 3/3
di-nam/e-  flesh 


(36) Class VIa.  SC. b��- ~be; ga-   CONTENTS: liquids, blood ; water
Liquid  b��-, 
b��-ji 2-3~1-3  blood
b��-pli 23  urin

liquid class: be-:
be-nshu  12  saliva
be-p��li 133 urine(v. urine  b��-pli 23)

ga-lla�� ga-pi 1113  hot water
ga-lla�� ga-su 1113  cold water


(37) Class VIb.  SC. in-  CONTENTS:  mass nouns
mass noun class: in- 1~2
in-bu�� 23-2  a leaf of grass
 (cf.��-bu��  1-1  grass)
in-cin  1-3  smoke
in-c�փ� 1-3  ashes
in-tri 11  soup
in-trii��el 1111131  the herb karkashi
in-t��ba  133  name
in-voro 111  okra


(38) Class VII/VIII.  Sg. gi-~gin-~g��~g��-,  Pl. nin-, ni- CONTENTS: animal, 
   tree, body parts

animalvclass: gi-/ni-  2/3~
gi-nu��/ni-  233/233  bird
gi-masa/nii-masa  311/2311  cat
gi-/b��-~nii-: gi-nu��/nii-nu�� 312/232
                             fowl, hen
(a-y�� 32~22)/pl. nii-nyi  232  mother


animal class: gin-/nin-~nyin-
gin-k��n��/nyin- 33-23/23-23  cock
gin-nyip/nyin-nyip 3-32/2-32 small dove
gi-m-bu��/nin-bu�� 232/232�@goat
Tree:
gin-shi/nin- 232/232  tree
gin-tri 221 oil palm?
 
animal class: gi-/nin-
gi-kodi/nyin-kodi 3-22/23-22 snail
gi-va/nyin- 32/232  dog
gi-zikiki/nin- 3233/23233  donkey
Tree:
gi-k��k/nyin-k��k 2-3/23-2  fig tre
gi-nyo��/nin-  32/232  locust bean tree

animal/body parts: g��-/b��- 2/1~2/2
g��-shu/b��-shu  23~13/11 mouse, rat
g��-ci��/b��-  2-13/1-13  sheep
g��-klu/b��-klu  2-1/1-2  ram
g��-cuk/b��- 2-3/2-3  ground-squirrel
g��-kur��/b��- 2-32/2-32�@giant rat�@
body parts
g��-nyu��/b��-nyu��  22/12~23/23 mouth
g��-llan/b��-  232/2  chin
g��-nyu��/b��-nyu��  22/12~23/23 mouth
g��-tri/b��- 23/13  back (of body)  

animal/body parts:g��-nyu��/b��-nyu��  22/12~23/23 mouthg��-/b��-
g��-sum/b��-sum  21/11   hare
g��-ll��ba/b��-  133/1 warthog
g��-llibi/b��-  111/1  hyena
g��-sh��l��/b��-  122/122  baboon
g��-yaala/b��-  1332/1  monkey


(39)  Class IX/X.  Sg. i- 1,  Pl. i- 2~3  CONTENTS: animal
animal class: i-/i-  1/2 ~ 1/3
inam g��lugu  22 323 wild animals 
i-d��la /i-  1-11/2-   lizard
i-kaba/i-kaba  1-13/2-33  horse
i-ka�� 1-13  elephant
i-kpi/i-kpi  11/21 lion
i-w��l/i-  11/23  water-monitor
i-yam/i-yam  11/23  bush rat
i-nak/i-nak  12/33  cow
i-nam 13/33, 23, ?/22  animal
i-v�փ�/i- 12/33  fish


(40)  Class XV/VI. Sg. gu-, Pl. ��-(~a-)  CONTENTS:  ear, leg, arm, knee and 
   other body parts

body parts class: gu-/��-~a- 2/2
gu-t�փ�/��- 23/23  ear
gu-kulu/��- 2-33/2- ~1-33/1-  skin
gu-k��l/��-  2-3/2-3 thigh
gu-llu��/��-  22/22  knee
gu-nyu~/��- 21/21  arm, hand
gu-tri/��- 23/23 back (of hand, of foot)
gu-tuba/��- 233/2  horn
gu-p�҃�/a-p�҃� ~gu-pu��/��-pu��    23/23 belly
leg, foot,  gu-pra/��-pra 11/11.

(41)  Class XV. SC  gu- ~guu- CONTENTS: infinitive, adjective

infinitive class: gu- 1~2~3 ~guu
gu-kura 133 V  to wash (things)
gu-cwa  12  to pound
gu-fu  11  to grill
gu-ji 23  to push (mostly before 2)
gu-k��ri 222  to open	
gu-kwakla  213  dry
gu-f��l�� 333  to be good (only adj. )
gu-kwagla  323  dry
(tonally definable distribution)
includes: guu-; verbal noun:
guu-c��ga 1122 abuse
guu-t��ba  2222 sending

(42)  Class I/VI. Sg. ��- 1,   Pl. ��- 2  CONTENTS:   Hausa loan words, 
animals, body parts

 Hausa loan words class: : ��-/��-  1/2
 Hausa loan words)
��-tebur ��-shi/��-tebur ��-shi
 1  3 1   1   3  2  3 1   2   3
                         white table
��-reke ��-yweyup    thick sugar-cane
  1  1 3  1   3 31
 ��-reke ��-yweyup     pl.
  2  2 3  2   3 31 ��-mangoro/i-wen ��-mangoro23111/1133111

Hausa loan words class: : ��-/��-  1/2
��-dubu  2-33 thousand (<H.)
 ��-gari 2-13  flour (<H.)
��-simenti shi g��-dindi��213122322
     cement is heavy
��-m��t��ci�� g��did��r  23231211
                      the car is fast
��-buhu o kuulushu  this sack is empty
 ��-riijiya  23312 
��-riijiya ��-yum  23312 121  deep well

ananimal/body parts class:��-/��-1/2~1/3
��-na�� 32  guts
��-nu�� 323  vegetable
��-mpla/��- 11/2  nail
��-iy��/��-iy��  113/233  liver
��-kan/��-kan  1-1/2-1  thorn
��-mar/��- 12/23  star
��-tak 22  buttocks
��-mple 23  bark (of tree)

ananimal/body parts class:��-/��-1/2~1/3
��-guru/��-  1-22/2-22  land-monitor
��-l��m��/��- 122/222  fruit-bat
grasshopper  ��-gala/��-gala 1-13/3-33
��-shiene/a-shiene  2-313/3-333  crab
��-��s��k/a- 11/11 ~a-/��- 1/1    guinea-fowl


(43)  Class VII/II. Sg. gi-; g��~g��-, Pl.  b��-  CONTENTS:   domestic animals;
   animals, body parts

animal/body parts: g��-/b��- 2/1~2/2
g��-shu/b��-shu  23~13/11 mouse, rat
g��-ci��/b��-  2-13/1-13  sheep
g��-klu/b��-klu  2-1/1-2  ram
g��-cuk/b��- 2-3/2-3  ground-squirrel
g��-kur��/b��- 2-32/2-32�@giant rat�@

g��-nyu��/b��-nyu��  22/12~23/23 mouth
g��-llan/b��-  232/2  chin
g��-nyu��/b��-nyu��  22/12~23/23 mouth
g��-tri/b��- 23/13  back (of body)  


animal/body parts:g��-nyu��/b��-nyu��  22/12~23/23 mouthg��-/b��-
g��-sum/b��-sum  21/11   hare
g��-ll��ba/b��-  133/1 warthog
g��-llibi/b��-  111/1  hyena
g��-sh��l��/b��-  122/122  baboon
g��-yaala/b��-  1332/1  monkey


domestic animal class: gi-/b��-
(= gi-/nii-~nin-~nyin-) a mixed class 
with human class
gi-/b��- 3/1: gi-nu��/b��-nu�� 323/111
gi-/b��-~nii-: gi-nu��/nii-nu�� 312/232
                   fowl, hen
gi-va/b��- 32/12
     gi-va/nyin- 32/232  dog

 gi-m-bu��/b��-bu�� 232/12
     ~gi-m-bu��/nin-bu�� 232/232�@goat

(44)  Class VII/VIb. Sg. gi-,  Pl. in-  CONTENTS: hair and other body parts, 
   louse

hair class: gi-/in-
shin,  gi-b��k/in-b��k 23/223 ~ gib��k gupra/inb��k ��pra 2311/22311.
calf (of leg),  gi-damce/in-damce 233/233.
hair,  gi-shu/in-shu 22/222.
gishu nishu/inshu ninshu  22 32/222 332 hair of head
hair  class: gi-/in-
gi-sel/in- 13/1  yam
gi-kwarkw��ta/in- 2-3122/11-  louse/lice (<H.)
 

(45)  Class VIb/ VIb. Sg. en-, ��,  Pl. an-, a��-   CONTENTS: insects, birds

insect/bird class: en-/an-,��/a��-
��n-zik  23  black kite
an-zun  32  fly
a-��puu ~a��-puu 121  coughing
guinea-fowl ��-s��k/a��-s��k 111/111
           ~a��-/��- 1/1

(46)  Class III.  SC    u- 1~2   CONTENTS: adjectives
adjective class: u- 1~2~3 (see: list)
u-sel 23  black         
 u-nd��l  32  long
u-nyinyaga 1111  rough   


(47)  Class V.    SC    di-   CONTENTS: abstracta
abstract noun class: di- 1~2
di-lal23 lie, falsehood
di-pa�� 11  truth
di-jam ��-nyincal 11221 beautiful woman 
di-p��p  23  oil, fat
di-wi 23  voice
di-taa 223 three 
di-she 22 mash
di-she di-k��r  23 11 old (dried?) mash
di-she i-kpinkpulu  22 1323  soft mash


(48)  Class VI.   SC    a-~e-  CONTENTS:  abstracta 
abstracta class: a-  1~2
a-gba 1-3   guinea-corn 
a-li�� 132  which
a-��pu 11  coughing
a-wokl�� 222  throat

abstracta class: e- 2
e-la 23 dream


(49)  Class IX.   SC    i-     CONTENTS:  adjectivals
adjectival class: i-  1(~3~2)
i-ti�� 11 darkness 
     i-kinkiri 1-323  round
     i-kinkili 3-323  round
     i-linla��  223  silent
     i-kpinkpulu  1-323  soft



Part Two:  A Kulu basic vocabulary (based on Ibadan wordlist of 400 items)

1. List of abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used:

Adj.     adjective
AdjN.    adjectival noun
Adv.     adverb
Dem.     demonstrative  
Det.     determiner
H.       Hausa
Id.      ideophone
Nr.      numeral
Poss.    possessive
Pron.    pronoun
TM       tense marker


2. Noun class prefixes and the stem form
  The singular and the plural noun prefixes associated with a noun stem are 
given after the stem form, the singular prefix separated by / from the plural 
prefix.  Thus the representation:
 kan 1  ��-/��- 1/2
signifies:
thorn: ��-kan/��-kan 11/21.

In some items two different noun classes are associated with one stem.  Thus:
baara 332   di-/��- 2/2.  breast (of woman).
baara 332   be- 2.  milk.

Sometimes two variant stem forms are given. Thus:
baara 332 ~bara 32  di-/��- 2/2.  breast (of woman).
baara 332 ~bara 32  be- 2.  milk.

The singular stem tones may differ from that of the plural:
w��l 1/3  i-/i- 1/2.  water-monitor: i-w��l/i-w��l  11/23


3. Tones
Tones are represented by numbers. Thus:
1 = Low tone,  2 = Mid tone, 3 = High tone. 

Tone variations are represented by tilde. Thus 1~2 = Low or Mid tone

Non-initial nasals are all tone-marked.
ex. jam 11

Sometimes one vowel carries two tones:
ex. ��-ny��nyi/b��-nyanii 2-32/2-3232  person.


4.  A Kulu basic vocabulary (based on Ibadan wordlist of 400 items)

A,a

-a 2~1  det.  the.  
  ��cob-a shi g��cokru 232 2 312  the muscle is hard.  
  g��sala-a 2331  the house.

-a 2  Dem.  that (opp.: -i 2  this).  
  ��-nyera 232  that.  fra 2, gu-fra 22  over there.  gra: 

agwagwa  Hausa word.  duck.

ashi 23  Conj.  that (v. shi 3).  
  int��ba mi b�� giya mi ashi Kutu Daabo 1133  2 2 32 3 23 21 221  my name, 
    they call me Kutu Daabo.  
  int��ba ��a b�� giya ashi Ibrahim 1133 2 2 31 23 ...his name is Ibrahim.   
  b�� giya �� ashi inya�� 2 32 3 23 122  what is your name (they call you who)?

auduga  N.  Hausa word.  cotton.

a��gulu 112 ( < H.).  vulture.


B,b

ba 3 (<H.?).  In:  be-nyaanyii ba  2 3232 3   they are people.

ba 1...ba 2  negative marker (<Hausa). not (v. baa...ba).  
  ba a��uu ba 1 231 2  (it is) not you.  cf. a��uu 231  it is you.

ba 2~1 V.  come.  ba 2  come!  
  �� ba 32~21  he has come.  
  min ba 232  I have come.  
  a r�� ba ��  2111  he has not come.  
  ba mbo zha  2122 come and eat!  
  aco shi amin ba  11 3 111 2   he said that I should come.  
  amin ba gufri 13222  I have come here.  
  amin ba fri ul�� 132223  I came here yesterday.

baa 11...ba 2  not (negative marker).  
  baa a��uu ba  11 231 2 (it is)  not you. cf. a��uu  231  it is you.  
  baa nuuyo 233231  not right,  wrong.  cf.��-nuu yo 23231  it is right.
               
baala 223  di- 2.  termite.

baara 332  ~bara 32  di-/��- 2/2.  breast (of woman).

baara 332  ~bara 32  be- 2.  milk.

bagu 13 V.  bring.  bagu 13  bring!

bam 22  i- 1.  tick.

bana 32  i- 2.  house, compound (v. g��-sal 23).  N.B. Not combined with 'my, 
  your, his (her)' for which  g��-sal/b��-sal is used.  
  ibana nd��l 232 3  our house.  
  ibana nu��  232 3  your(pl.) house.  
  ibana maa 232 32  their house.  
  ibana nu�� ni  232 3 2  where is your house?  
  ibana nu�� shi gashi 2323 3 23 where is your house?  
  ibana nd��l i y��ri 2323 3 22  here is our house.  
  ibana maa shi fra 23232 3 2  their house is over there.

bara 32  v. baara 332.

barkata 3132 ��- 2.  red sorrel.

bii 12 V.  give birth.  
  �� bii  312  she has given birth.

bii 32  ��- 2.  raw, unripe.  
  ��mangoro ��bii 2311 232  unripe mango.

bii 32  V.  come, v. ba.  
  amin bii ubii 11 32 232  I will come today.

bii 32  u- 2.  today.

bin 11 ��- 3.  noise(?), talkativenes (H. surutu).  
  iwen ��bin 11 311  noisy.  
  g��sal-a shi iwen ��bin  23-31 2 11 31  the house is noisy.

bla 3  v. bula 33.

ble [bble] 3  i- 2.  lip.

bra  v. b��ra 31.

bri 3  g��-/b��- 1/1.  drum: g��-bri [gbri] /b��-bri 13/13.

bubi 33  u- 2.  bad (opp. good).  
  guk��k��gri gri shi gububi 1233 3 2 333  this gown is bad.

buhu/buhuna 12/232 (< H.)  a-/��- 1/2.  sack, bag : a-buhu/��-buhuna 112/2232.
  ��buhu o kuulushu  this sack is empty.  
  abuhu a mele 112 323  the sack is full. 
  ��buhuna �� m��le  2232 323  the sacks are full.

bula 23 ~bla 3  i- 1.  rain.

bulu 11 V.  lose.  
  amin bulu u mi ule 13 1113 23 I lost it (money?) yesterday.

bun 22  ri- 1. fear.  
  amin  k��g�� ribun  11 12 12   I have fear.

bu�� 11  ��- 1.  grass.  cf. in-bu�� 2322  a leaf of grass.

bu�� 2  gim-/b��- 23/1 ~gim-/nin- 23/23.  goat: gim-bu��/b��-bu�� 2322/122 
  ~gim-bu��/nin-bu�� 2322/2322.

bu�� 22  in- 23.  a leaf (v. ja 11) of grass.  cf. ��-bu�� 11  grass.

bu�� 22 V.  hold (in hand).  
  gu-bu�� 222  to hold in hand.

bu�� 33  di- 3.  earth.

bu�� 33 ~22  di-/��- 2/2 ~3/3.  excrement: di-bu��/��- 233/233 ~333/333  ~di-bu�� 222 (v. b�҃� 22).

bu��ra 332  u- 2.  the day before yesterday.

byana [biana] 31 (cf. i-bana 232 house) V.  build (house).  
  gu-byana 131  to build.

b��g��ri 222 V.  untie.  
  gu-b��g��ri 2222  to untie.

b��li 23  g��-/b��- 2/2.  waist; bottom, base; buttocks.

b��ra ~bra 31  ��- 2.  ripe (opp. ��-bii 232).

b�҃� 22  ri- 2.  excrement (v. di-bu��/��- 233/233).  
  amin k��g�� rib�҃� 11 12 222  I want to defecate.  

b�҃Ń�r 12  here it is! ( < ba ��ar  come and take??).

b��k 3  gi-/in- 2/22.  shin.  gib��k gupra/inb��k ��pra  2311/22311.


C,c

ca 3 V.  be rotten.  gu-ca 23  to be rotten. 

cal  In: nyin+cal 1121/cal 32  a-/b��-  2/2.  woman: a-nyincal/b��-cal 
  21121/232 (v. man).

cam 3 V.  carve (wood), carpenter.  
  gu-cam 13  to carve (wood).

cam 3 V.  fell, slash, chop (tree).   gu-cam 13  to fell (tree).  
  gu-cam i-k�փ� 13 32  to fell tree.

ce 3  v. ci 3  father.
    
ce 2�@��n-/an- 33/33.  song.  
  asogu tak ��nce 131 3 332   he is singing.  
  �� tak ��nce  3 2 32   he sang a song.

ci 3, ~ce (< ci + e-~��-) 3  i-/nyin- 1/11.  father.  
  ici mii 13 32  my father.  
  ici �� 13 2  your father.  
  ici ��aa  13 32  his (her) father.  
  ice nd��l  13 3  our father.  
  ice nu�� 13 2  your father.  
  ice maa 13 22  their father.

ci/cii  1/32.  In: nyin+ci/cii  11+1/32.  a-/b��-  2-/2-.  man: 
  a-nyinci/b��-cii 2111/232.

cin 11 V.  go (v. cu��  go away;  cf. ci�Ł@walk).  
  cin g�� a ninaa 111 131  go and lie down!  
  cin g�� puna 1113  go and sleep!

cin 33  in- 11. smoke.

ci�� 12/13  g��-/b��-  2/1.  sheep: g��-ci��/b��-ci�� 212/113.

ci�� 11~22 V.  walk.  
  nya un ci�� 11311  walk! (stand up and walk).  
  ci�� ka�� 1122  go away!  
  amin sugu ci��  111 12 22  I am walking.

ci�� 22 V.  run.  
  amin ci�� mi  133 22 3  I ran.

co 1 V.  say.  
  un co 331  you should say.  
  amin co 1331  if I say ~I said.  
  aco shi amin ba  11 3 111 2  he said that I should come.

co 2~3  u-/i-  1/1 ~2/2.  neck: u-co/i-co 12/12  ~23/23.  
  uco gunyu��/ico nyu��  22111/2211  wrist (neck of arm).

cokru 11~12  u- 2.  hard (not soft). 
  ��cop-a shi g��cokru  23-2 2 312  the muscle is hard.

cop ~c��p 2/3  ��-/��- 1/2.  vein, artery; muscle; nerve: ��-cop/��-cop 
  ~��-c��p/��-c��p 12/23.  
  ��cop-a shi g��cokru 23-2 2 312  the muscle is hard.

co��  22 ~23(?) V.  gather.  
  amin co�� 133 23  I gathered (??).  
  dishu guco�� 11122  (we have?) a meeting.
  
cu 3  Nr.  five (in compound number: fifteen, v. cuu).   
  k��piricu 1113  fifteen.

cuk 3  g��-/b��- 2/2.  ground-squirrel.

cunu 32 (~31~11 in compounds)  in- 33.  six: in-cunu  3332.  
  k��piricunu 11131  sixteen.  s��kicunu 1311  sixty.

curu 13/33  a-/a- 1/2. chameleon: a-curu/a-curu 113/233. 

cuu 22 (~cuu 12)  in- 33.  five (v. cu 3): in-cuu 3322.  
  s��k i-cuu 1312  fifty (10 x 5).

cu�� 1 V.  go away (cf. cin 1 V)?   
  cu�� ka�� 12  go over there!

cwa 2 V.  pound (grain) in mortar.  
  gu-cwa 12  to pound.

cwan 22 V.  plait (hair, string).  
  gucwan dishu 222 13  to plait hair, hair-do.  
  gucwan ulek  222 23  to plait rope.

cwa�� 22 V. stab.  
  gu-cwa�� 122  to stab.

c��ga [c�փ�a]  11~22 V.  abuse.  
  �� c��ga  mi  3113   he abused me.
  guu-c��ga 1122  abuse.

c�փ� 33  in- 11.  ashes.


D,d

da 2 gu-/��- 2/2.  room, hut.  
  guda iti��/��da iti��  2211/2211  dark  room.  
  guda iki��kiri�@ 22 1323�@ round hut.  
  guda gusi��/��da ��si�� 22233/22233  red room.  
  guda shi gusee/��da shi ��see  22 2 211/22 2 211  the room is light.
 
damce 33 (<H. damtsee 'upper arm'? )  gi-/in-  2/2.  calf(of leg).

de 2  Negative marker (v. re ~r�� 1).  
  be de kum bi  32332  they did not get it.

deda 11 (<H. adada 111)  a- 1.  rectangle, rectangular house . 
  ��tebur adeda/��tebur adeda  131 111/231 111  rectangular table.
   
di 3  TM: future.  
  amin di ��aar ma  111 3 22 1  I will answer you.
 
did��r 11  i- 1.  fast.  
  ��m��t��ci-�� g��did��r  2323-1 211  the cars are fast.

dindi�� 2222  u- 2.  heavy.  
  ��simenti shi g��dindi�� 21312 2 32222  cement is heavy.

dishu 11  ??  
  dishu gu-co��  11 122  (we have?) a meeting.
  
dubu 33  ��- 2. (<H. dubuu  thousand)  thousand: ��-dubu  233. 
  ��dubu  (��z�҃�) 233 (122)  one thousand. 
  ��dubu ��paala  233 1223  two thousand.  
  ��dubu u k��p  233 22  ten thousand. 
  ��dubu s��k ipaala  233 13223  twenty thousand.

dup  3 V.  beat (person).  
  gu-dup 23  to beat (person).

d��la 11  i-/i-  1/2.  lizard (H. kadangare).

d��r 3  u-/i- 2/2.  anus.


��,��

�Á@subj.pron. 3. pers. sg.  she, he, it(?).  
  �� bii  312  she has given birth.


F,f

fr-  In: fra  22 there, fri  22 here.

fou 22  gu-  2.  diarrhoea.

fra (fr- + -a) 2  gu- 2. there. 
  �� ka�� u gufra  3 22 2 22  he went there.

fra (fr- + -a) 2.  over there.  
  g��sal ��aa shi fra  233232  his house is over there.

fri (fr- + -i) 2  gu- 2.  here.  
  amin ba gufri 133 2 22  I came here.

fri (fr- + -i) 2.  here.   
  ba fri 22  come here!  
  amin ba fri ul�� 1332223  I came here yesterday.

fu 1 V.  raost, grill.  
  gu-fu 11  to grill.

fufyen 232  u- 2.  small: u-fufyen  2-232.

fufy��n 232  u- 1.  narrow.  
  utra ufufy��n/itra ifify��n 11 1232/11 2332  narrow path.

fulu 23 V.  hunt.  
  a fulu inam g��lugu  1 23 22 323   he hunts wild animals. 

f�� 3  i-/i- 1/2.  finger, toe.  if��nyu��/if��nyu�� 1311/2311  finger.  
  if��pra/if��pra 131/231  toe.
  
f��l�� 33  gu- 3.  gu-f��l�� 333  to be good.


G,g

gaati 113 V.  accompany.  
  amin gaati o  111 113 2   I will accopany him.  
  amin gaati o  113 113 2   I accopanied him.

gajijuk 223 Adv?   all.

gala 13/33 ��-/��- 1/3.  grasshopper, locust.

gari 13 (<H. gaarii 1122)  ��- 2.  flour.  
  jika mi ��gari 12 2 213   moisten the flour for me!

giya 32~22 V.  call.  
  amin giya u 133 22 2  I called him.  
  �� giya mi 3223   he called me.  
  b�� giya mi... 2 32 2   they call me...(i.e. my name is...)  
  b�� giya �� ashi nya�� 2 32 3 23 22  what is your name?
  �@b�� giya mi ashi Kutu Daabo  2 32 3 23 21 221  they call me Kutu Daabo.   
  int��ba mi b�� giya mi ashi Kutu Daabo  133 2 2 32 3 23 21 221  my name, 
    they call me  Kutu Daabo.

goro  Hausa word.  kola-nuts.

gri 2 V.  show.  
  ��i gri mi  33 2 1  he showed me.  
  ��i  gro u  33 1 3  he showed him.  
  ��i gri bi  33 2 3  he showed them.  
  ��i gri yaa  332 32  he showed us.

gu 3  det.  the?   
  a pal ula aa gu  3 2 12 32 3�@  he extinguished the fire.  
  amii gu  232 3  I am.  
  a��uu gu  232 3   you are.   
  a��gu oo gu  232 31 3   he is.  
  andil �փ� gu  22 31 3  we are.  
  anu�� oo gu  22 31 3   you (pl.) are.  
  bemba aa gu  232 31 3   they are.  
  shi aa  gu  3 32 3  what is it?

gu- 1 ~2 ~3 noun prefix. infinitive formative:  
  gu-kunu 231  burning.  
  gu-f��l�� 333  to be good.  
  gu-la�� 131  to bury (person). 

gulu 22 V.  go out.  
  u gulu 222  go out!

gum 232  ��n- 23.  hunting: ��n-gum 23-232.

gumura 113 V.  become swollen (<H. kumbura 121?).

guru 22  ��-/��- 1/2.  land-monitor (lizard).

gyara 21 V.  repair (<H.).

g��ta 12 V.   borrow/lend.

g�� 2 conj.  and (connects verbs).  
  cin g�� puna  11 1 13   go and sleep!   
  cin g�� aninaa  11 1 131   go and lie down! 

g��nyinyi�� 2211 (<g��nyi elbow + nyu�� arm)  gu- 2.  elbow.


GB,gb

gba 3  a- 1.  guinea-corn.

gba�� 2/3  i-/i- 1/2.  stone: i-gba��/i-gba��  12/23.

gb��k 3  g��-/b��- 2/2.  cheek.


H,h

hankaka,  Hausa word.  crow.


I,i

-i 2  Dem.  this (opp.: -a 2  that).  
  ��-nyer-i 232  this.  
  y��r-i  22  here.  
  fri (fr- + -i) 2  here.  
  gri: gu-k��k��gri gri  this gown.

iri  connective meaning + (plus) in the numerals eleven to eighteen, OR noun 
  class prefix?   
  k��piriz�҃� 1112  eleven (10 + 1).

iye 23/33 ~iy�� 13/33  ��-/a- 2/2 ~��-/��- 1/2.  liver: ��-iye/a-iye 223/233 
  ~��-iy��/��-iy�� 113/233.


J,j

ja 1 ��- 1.  leaf.  
  gut�փ� ��ja  2311  ear of leaf(?),  H. k'waya daya (one leaf).  cf. 
  in-bu�� 2322  a leaf of grass. 

ja 2 V.  know.  
  amin ja 111 2  ~min ja 112  I know.  
  un ja 11 2  you know.  

ja 3 V.  can, be able (v. ja 2  know).  
  �� ja  23  he can (do it).

jam 11 (<Fulani?)  di- 1.  beautiful one, good one.  
  dijam ��nyincal 111 2221  beautiful woman.
 
jam 11  u- 1.  beautiful, good (v. gu-f��l�� 333).  
  gu-k��k��gri gri shi gu-jam 1233 2 2 311  this gown is good (beautiful).   

ji 2 V.  steal.  
  �� ji 32   he stole.   gu-ji 22  theft.

ji 3  in- 33.  one. 

ji 3  b��- 2~1.  blood:  b��-ji 23~13.

ji 3 V.  push.  gu-ji 23  to push.

jik 1  i- 1.  beans.

jika 12 (<H.) V.  moisten, soak (v. adj. jikaagi 1112).  
  jika mi ��gari  12 2 213   moisten flour for me!   
  jika mi guk��kri 12 2 233  soak gown for me!

jikaagi 1112 (<H. jikakke) adj.  soaked.  
  guk��kri gu jikaagi 233 2 1112  soaked gown.
 
jili 33 V.  press down, compress.  
  gu-jili 133  to compress.

jwa�� 21 V.  shatter, break (calabash).  
  gu-jwa�� 121  to shatter.


K,k

kaa 33 V.  go round.  gu-kaa 233  to go round.

kaala 222 V. laugh.  
  gu-kaala  2-222 laughter, laugh. 
  �� kaala  3 222  she (he) laught.  
  asogu kaala  131 222 he (she) is laughing.

kaama 113 V.  go in, enter (v. kaana).  
  kaama 113  enter!

kaana 111 V.  enter, go in (v. kaama 113).  
  kaana 111  go in!

kaana 221 V.  fry, roast in ash.   
  gu-kaana 1221  to fry. 

kaara 113  i- 1.  scabies, crawcraw (H. kazwa).

kaba 13/33  i-/i- 1/2.  horse.  i-kaba/i-kaba  1-13/2-33.

kal 1  i- 1.  hawk, falcon.

kama 32  i-/no pl.?   buffalo.

kan 1  ��-/��- 1/2.  thorn: ��-kan/��-kan  111/211.

kap 2 V.  divide.  
  amin kap 133 2  I have divided.

ka�� 22 V.  go (away).  
  ka�� 22  go away!   
  ci�� ka�� 11 22 go away!   
  cu�� ka�� 1122  go over there!  
  ��: ka�� u  22 22 32  he has gone away. 
  �� ka�� u gufra 322 2 22  he went there.  
  �� ka�� u  3 22 2   he has (is) gone.

ka��/kaama 13/333  i-/i- 1/2  elephant: i-ka��/i-kaama 1-13/2-333 
  (cf. buffalo).

kenk��li 333  i-?  circle(?), turning round(?).

kili 33  i- 2.  money.  
  ikili ipar 233 32   new money.  
  amin bulu u mi ule  133 11 1 3 23   I lost it (money?) yesterday.

kilya 12 V.  cook.  
  amin kilya  133 12  I cooked.

kini 32 V.  pierce.  
  gukini ukpu 132 13  to pierce a hole.
 
kir 3  i- 2.  bed bugs.  

ki��kili 3323  i- 3.  round (v. i-ki��kiri 1-3323).

ki��kiri 3323  i- 1.  round (v. i-ki��kili 3-3323).   
  guda iki��kiri 22 13323 round hut.  
  ��tebur iki��kiri 131 13323  round table.

kli 1  gu-/��- 2/2.  shoulder.

klu 1/2  g��-/b��-  2/1.  ram:  g��-klu/b��-klu  21/12.

ko [kwo] 1  u-/i- 3/1.  place (v. ku): u-ko/i-ko  31/11.  
  �� nyere uko 323 31  she swept (place).

kodi 22 (<H. ko��i)  gi-/nyin-  3/23.  snail: gi-kodi/nyin-kodi 3-22/23-22.

kofa/kofofi 32/222  a-/-  2/-.  doorway: a-kofa/kofofi 2-32/222.  
  koguru akofa  222 232  cover doorway. 

kogu 11  u-/i- 1/1.  wound, sore, injury.

koguru [ko��uru] 222 V.  cover (a pot) (v. kokulu 331).  
  koguru akofa  222 232  cover doorway. 

kokulu 331 V.  cover (a pot) (v. koguru 222 V).  
  gu-kokulu 1-331  to cover.

kono [kwono] 13/33  i-/i- 1/3.  shea-nuts tree: i-kono/i-kono 113/333.

konu [kwonu] 21  burn V (<H.? v. kunu 31 V).  
  gu-konu 121  burning.
  ula u konu g��sal 12 3 21 12  fire burnt a house.

ku 1 N.  place (v. u-ko 31).  
  u-kunaa/i-kunaa  2132/1132  place of sleeping, i.e. bed.  

kuba 33  i- 1.  thatching grass.

kubu 13/33  ��-/a- ~a-/��- 1/2.  bone: ��-kubu/a-kubu ~a-kubu/��-kubu 113/233.
 
kuk 1  i- 1.  deleb palm (H. giginya).

kullushu 333, kuulushu 3333, kulushu 222  V? ~Id?  empty (cf. u-lushu 
  something? >nothing?).  
  ��buhu o kuulushu  213 2 3333  the sack is empty.

kulu 11 V.  beat (drum).  
  gu-kulu g��-bri  111 13  to beat drum.

kulu 33  gu-/��- 2/2 ~1/1.  skin: gu-kulu/��-kulu  233/233 ~133/133.

kul�� 13 V.  beg.  
  amin kul�� �� 133 13 2  I begged you.

kum 22 V.  get, obtain.  
  amin waa, amin kum  111 32, 133 22  I was looking for it and I have got it.
  amin de kum mi 133 1 22 1   I did not get it.  
  a re kum mu  3 1 22 1  he did not get it.  
  be de kum bi 2 1 22 1  they did not get it.  
  bee kum 23 22  they have got it. 

kunaa 132 (ku 1 place + naa 32 lie down).  u-/i- 2/1.  
  u-kunaa/i-kunaa 2-132/1-132  place of sleeping, i.e. bed.  
  ukunaa ukpup��l/ikunaa ikpiip��l 2132 123/1132 1232  wide bed. 

kunu 31 V.  burn (<H.?  v. konu 21).  
  gu-kunu 231  burning.

kura 33 V.  wash (things).  
  gu-kura 133 to wash.

kur�� 32  g��-/b��- 2/2.  giant rat, bandicoot.

kuu 22 V.  vomit.  
  amin kuu 133 22  I have vomitted.

kuumu�� 1222  gu-/��- 1/1.  silk cotton tree.

kwagla 23  gu- 3.  dry (v. gu-kwakla 213).

kwai 22 V.  pluck (fruit).  
  gu-kwai 122  to pluck.

kwakla 13  gu- 2.  dry (v. gu-kwagla 323)  
  inam ikwakla/inam a ikwakla 122 213/222 2 213  dried meat.

kwakwa  N.  Hausa word: oil palm.

kwal 2 V.  finish doing.  
  amin kwal 133 2  I have finished. 

kwal 2/3 ~3/3  i-/i-  1/3 ~2/3.  heart: i-kwal/i-kwal 12/33 ~13/33 ~23/33.

kwal 3  g��-/��- 3/3 ~g��-/bee- 3/13.  nape (of the neck).  
  g��kwal dishu/beekwal ��shu 3311/131323  nape (of head).  
  g��kwal gupra/��kwal ��pra 3331/3331  heel(nape of foot).

kwan 2 V.  fight.  �� kwan 32  he faught.  
  gu-kwan 22  to fight. 

kwarkw��ta 3122  (<H.) N.  gi-/in- 2/1.  louse/lice (<H.).

kw��k 1  i- 1.  chest.

kw��k 2 V.  grind.  
  gu-kw��k 12  to grind.

kye 2 V. see.  
  un kye 33 2  you should see.  
  amin kye 133 2  I have seen.

k��kri 33 ~32  gu-/��- 1/1 ~2/1.  shirt; gown, robe: gu-k��kri/��-k��kri 133 
  ~233/133, ~232/132 (v. k��k��gri 233).  
  jika mi guk��kri 122233  soak gown for me!  
  guk��kri shi g��pulete 13223311 the gown is light. 
  guk��kri gushi/��k��kri ��shi�@133 13/133 13  white shirt.  
  guk��kri gusel/��k��kri ��sel 133 13/133 13  black shirt.
       
k��k��gri 233  gu-/��- 1/1.  shirt; gown, robe (v. k��kri 33 ~32).
  guk��k��gri gri shi gububi 1233 32333  this gown is bad.  
  gu-k��k��gri gri shi gu-jam 123 32231  this gown is good (beautiful).
   
k��ri 22 V.  open (door).  
  gu-k��ri 222  to open.

k��g�� [k�փ���] 12 V.  feel (v. k��g�� 23  hear).  
  amin k��g�� ribun 111 12 12  I have fear.  
  amin k��g�� rib�҃� 111 12 22  I want to defecate.

k��g�� [k�փ���]  23 V.  hear (v. k��g�� 12 feel; k�փ� 1~2 ).  
  amin k��g�� diwi ��y��k 111 23 23 21  I hear man's voice.

k��k 2  gi-/nyin- 3/23.  fig tree.

k��l 3  gu-/��- 2/2.  thigh.

k��n�� 23  gin-/nyin-  33/23.  cock: gin-k��n��/nyin-k��n�� 33-23/23-23.

k��p/s��k 1/1 Nr.  ten (k��p: in the forms of ten to nineteen; s��k in the 
  compound numbers above twenty, v. s��k 1/1).  
  nuk��p 12  ten.  
  k��piriz�҃� 1112  eleven.  
  k��piripaala 1111113  twelve.  
  k��pirita 1113  thirteen.  
  k��pirinaa 11123  fourteen.  
  k��piricu 1113  fifteen.  
  k��piricunu 11131  sixteen.  
  k��pirit��paala 1113113  seventeen.  
  k��pirinirinaa 1113123  eighteen.  
  k��put��llaa 11123  nineteen.

k��piricu 1113 Nr.  fifteen.

k��piricunu 11131 Nr.  sixteen.

k��pirinaa 11123 Nr.  fourteen.

k��pirinirinaa 1113123 Nr.  eighteen.

k��piripaala 1111113 Nr.  twelve.

k��pirita 1113 Nr.  thirteen.

k��pirit��paala 1113113 Nr.  seventeen.

k��piriz�҃� 1112  Nr.  eleven.

k��put��llaa 11123 Nr.  nineteen.

k��r 1  u- 2.  old.  dishe dik��r 2311 old (dried?) mash.

k�փ� 1~2 V.  hear (v. k��g�� 23 V hear).  
  baa ri b�� k�փ� 22222  come, let's hear!   
  amin k�փ� 133 2�@ I have heard.

k�փ� 11  g��-/b��- 1/1.  mountain.

k�փ� 22  i- 3.  tree, wood (v. gin-shi).   
  gucam ik�փ� 13 322  to fell tree.

k�փ� 22 V.  answer (v. ��ar 2 ~��aar 22).    
  �� k�փ� 3 22   he answered.


KP,kp

kpa 2 V.  fall (cf. upa 23  fall, drop).

kpa 3  i-/i- 2/3.  penis.

kpa 3~2�@di-/��- 2/2 ~di-/a- 3/3.  egg: di-kpa/��-kpa  23/23.  
  dikpa ayula/akpa ayula  32 113/33 333  egg of frog.

kpaara 113  i- 1.  scabies, crawcraw.

kpeere 3222  be- 3.  Hausa people (v. kp��r�� 111).

kpi 1  i-/i- 1/2.  lion.

kpiip��l 23 v. kpup��l.

kpi��kpulu 3323  i- 1  AdjN.  soft, fine .  
  dishe ikpi��kpulu  22 13323  soft mash.  
  intri ikpi��kpulu 11 13323  fine sause.
    
kpi��kpulu 3323  u- 1. something soft and fine ( v. i-kpi��kpulu 1-3323  AdjN).

kpu 3  u-/i- 1/1.  hole.  
  gukini ukpu  132 13  to pierce a hole.
 
kpup��l/kpiip��l  u- 1.  wide.  
  ukunaa ukpup��l/ikunaa ikpiip��l 2132 123/1132 1232  wide bed.

kp�� 1  i- 1.  feather.  
  ikp�� ginu�� 11 233  feather of bird.  
  ikp��  ginu�� 11 322  feather of fowl.

kp��r�� 111 (v. kpeere 3222)   1)  i- 2.  Hausa language: i-kp��r�� 2111.  
  2) ��-/b��- 2/1.  Hausa person/people: ��-kp��r��/b��-kp��r�� 
  2111/1111.  


L,l

la  2~3/2   u-/i-  1~2/1.  fire: u-la/i-la  23/12 ~u-la 12.  
  ula u konu  g��sal  12 3 21 12   fire burnt a house.  
  a pal ula aa gu  32 12 313   he extinguished the fire.

la  3  e- 2.  dream.  
  amin naa la  133 32 3  I dreamed a dream.

laka 22  ��- 1.  shoe.

lal 3  di- 2.  lie, falsehood.  
  dilal ga 23 31  it is a lie.

lam 2  i- 3.  work: i-lam 32.

la�� 12  gin- 33.  deep river (v. water).

la�� 31 V.  bury (person).  
  gu-la�� 131  to bury (person).

le 3  u- 2.  yesterday (u-l�� 23). 
  amin bulu u mi ule 13 11 1 3 23  I lost it (money?) yesterday.

lee 32~23 V.  do.  
  shi nu�� lee  32232  what are you doing?  
  shine ��u lee 32232  what is he doing?   amin sugu lee ilam  111 32 23 322  
    I am doing work.

lek 3  u- 2.  rope.  
  gucwan ulek  2223  to plait rope.

lelle 33 N?  big (v. lulle 323). 
  takarda shi ��-lelle  212 2 33  the paper is big.
  
lemo N.  Hausa word.  lemon.

len 22 (<len 22 V)  gu-/e- 1/1.  play, games.

len 22 V.  play (games). 
  �� len  3 22   he played.  
  asogu len  131 22  he is playing.   
  besogu len  231 22  they are playing.

lere 32 V. ask (v. leri 23~13). 
  amin lere �� 111 32 3  I am asking you.  
  lere u  323  ask him!

leri 23~13 V.  ask (v. lere 32).  
  a leri 3 23  he asked.  
  amin leri 133 13 ~133 23  I asked.

lii 12 V.  lick.  gu-lii [gullii] 112  to lick.  
  amin lii 133 12   I have licked.

lil��gu  232 (v. <l��k 3) V.  squat on heels.  
  a lil��gu  3 232  he squatted on heels.
 
linla�� 2233  i- 2.  silent.  
  g��sal-a shi g��linla��  23-31 2 32233  the house is still.

li�� 32  a- 1.  which.  
  ali�� oo 132 31 ~133 32  which is it?

llam 22  g��- 3.  water (v. g��-lla��, imi-nimbal).  
  g��llam g��yum  322 231  deep water.
   
llan 32  g��-/b��- 2/2.  chin.

lla�� 11  g��- 1 ~ga- 1~2.  water (v. g��-llam 322, pl. imi-nimbal 13112).  
  galla�� gapi 111 13  hot water.  
  galla�� gasu 111 13  cold water.  
  ma mi galla�� 22211  give me water! 

llibi 11  g��-/b��- 1/1.  hyena.

llobu 22  g��- 2.  bush.  
  inam gellobu 133 312/333 322   wild (bush) animal.

lluru 33 gu- 2.  storm.

llu�� 22  gu-/��-  2/2.  knee.

ll��ba 33/13  g��-/b��- 1/1.  warthog, wild pig: g��-ll��ba/b��-ll��ba 133/113.

luba 22 V.  bite.  
  luba  bite!  
  gu-lluba 222  to bite.  
  amin luba 133 22  I have bitten.

lugu 23 N?   bush?  
  inam g��lugu  222 323   wild animals.

lulle 323  u- 2.  big (v. lelle 33). 

lum [llum] 3  di-/��-  3/3.  tongue.

lush 33  u- 2.  something.  
  ulushu nyu�� 233 13  something stinks.

l�� 3   u- 2.  yesterday (v. u-le 23).  
  amin ba fri ul��  133 2 2 23  I came here yesterday.

l��d��/l��du  31/13  (<H. alade/aladu)  ��-/��- 1/1.  pig: ��-l��d��/��-l��du
  131/113.

l��m�� 22  ��-/��- 1/2.  fruit-bat.

l��p 2 V.  1) sell.  �� l��p gu  323  he has sold it.  2) buy.  �� l��p mina 
  3221  he bought (it) for me.  
  �� l��p mina ��laka 3 2 21 122  he bought shoes for me.  
  amin l��p 132  I have bought. 

l��k* 3 V.  squat on heels (v. lil��k 23).


M,m

ma 1 obj.pron.  you.  
  amin di ��aar ma  111 3 22 1  I will answer you.
  
ma 2 V.  give.  
  ma mi 23  give me!  
  ma mi galla�� 2321  give me water!�� ma mi 323  he (she) gave me.  
  b�� ma mi 223  they gave me.

maa 22/H _, 32/M _.  poss. pron.  their.  
  ibana maa 232 32  their house.   
  b��sal ��maa ni  22 322 2  where are their houses?

maga [ma��a] 11  i- 1.  testicles.

mal 2 V.  arrive.  
  amin mal 133 2  I have arrived.

mangoro [mangworo]  3111 (<H.)  ��-/��- 2/3.  mango: ��-mangoro/i-wen 
  ��-mangoro  2-3111/1-1 3-3111.

mar 2/3  ��-/��-  1/2.  star: ��-mar/��-  12/23.

masa 11 ~musa 11 (<H. mussa)   gi-/nii-  3/23.  cat: gi-masa/nii-masa 311/2311 
  ~gi-musa/nii-masa  311/2311.

maya 12 (cf. H. mayar da).  return.  
  amin maya u [mayo o] 133 12  I have returned it.

ma�� 22~33  gin- 22~33.  knife: gin-ma�� 2222~3333.  
  ginma�� gi zha 2222 1 2  the knife is sharp.  
  ginma�� gi re zha gi 2222 1 3 11  the knife is not sharp.  
  �� piini ginma�� 3 223 3333  he sharpened a knife.

mba ~mbo 12 Conj.  and (connects verbs).  
  ba mbo zha  2 12 2 come and eat!  
  ba mba ��ar  2 12 3  come and take!

mele 23 V.  be full (v. m��le 22, m��l�� 22 V  fill).  
  abuhu a mele  112 3 23  the sack is ful.

men 11  ��- 1.  white cloud.

mina 11  ��- 1.  sense, intelligence (H. hankali).  
  ��u shi ��mina 11 2 111  you have sense.

mpla 1  ��-/��- 1/2, ~a-/��- 1/2.  nail: ��-mpla/��-mpla 11/21, 
~a-mpla/��-mpla 11/21.

mple 3  ��- 2.  bark (of tree).  
  ��mple ginshi 23 232  bark of tree.

musa 11 v. masa 11.

mu��ni 13 V.  squeeze, wring (clothes).  
  gu-mu��ni 113 to wring.

m��le 23 V.  be full (v. mele 23 V; m��l�� 22 V fill).  
��buhuna �� m��le 2232 3 23  the sacks are full.

m��l�� 22 V.  fill (v. mele 23 ~m��le 23  be full).  m��l��!  221(11?)  fill!

m��t��/m��t��ci 32/223~323 (<H. mota/motoci)  ��-/��-  2/2.  car: 
  ��m��t��ci-�� g��did��r 2323-1 311  
  the cars are fast.  ��m��t��ci-�� g��see  2323-1 311  the cars are slow.


N,n

naa 22  in- 33.  four (v. naa 23).

naa 23  Nr. four (in compounds): k��p-iri-naa 1-11-23  fourteen.  
  nin-naa 31-23  eight (also found in the forms of eighteen and eighty). 
  s��k-ipaala iri-naa 1-3113 11-23  twenty-four.  
  s��k-i-naa 1-3-23 forty.

naa 32  ~ninaa 232 ~131 V. lie down.  
  a ninaa 3232 (nina a<u?) he lied down.  
  amin naa la  133 32 3  I dreamed a dream.  
  cin g�� a ninaa 11 1 1 131  go and lie down. 

naa 32 (<naa 32 V  lie down).  
  u-ku+naa/i-ku+naa  2132/1132  bed (place of sleeping).

naga [na��a] 13 V.  weave.  
  gu-naga 113  weaving.

nak 1  u- 2.  soft.  
  inam gii raakumi shi g��nak  111 23 1133 2 31  camel meat is soft.

nak 2/3  i-/i- 1/3.  cattle, cow: i-nak/i-nak  12/33.

nam 11~22  i- 1.  meat: i-nam 111~122/222. 
  inam gii raakumi shi g��nak 111 23 1133 2 31  camel meat is soft. 
  inam ikwakla /inam a ikwakla 122 213/222 2 213  dried meat.

nam 22~33  di-/��- 2/2, ~di-/e-  3/3.  flesh: di-nam/��-nam  222/222.   
  di-nam/e-nam  333/333. 
  dinam mi i ywa  333 2 3 3  my body pains me.

nam 33~22  i-/i- 1/3,~2. animal: i-nam/i-nam 133/333, ~122/333;  i-nam 233 (sg.), i-nam 222 (pl.).  
  inam gellobu  133 312/333 322  bush animal.  
  inam g��sal 333 32  domestic animals.  
  guwaa inam 132 233  to slaughter animal.  
  a fulu inam g��lugu  1 23 222 323  he hunts wild animals.  
  a wu inam 1 3 222  he is hunting animals.

na�� 11�@��- 1.  root.

na�� 22�@��- 3.  guts, intestines.

nd��l 2/H _, 3/M _.  poss. pron. our.  
  ibana nd��l  232 33  our house.

nd��l 2  u- 3.  long.

ne 2  ??  
  shi ne ��u waa 322 32 what are you (sg.) looking for?   
  shi ne ��u lee  322 32   what are you doing?

ni 2  where (v. nyi 2, g��-shi 23).  
  g��sal mii ni 23 32 2  where is my house?

nimbal 112 ~2231  imi-/mmi- 13~22/23 (imi- a pl. class?).  water (v. ga-lla��):
  imi-nimbal 22-2231, imi-nimbal/mmi-nimbal 13-112~13-1131/23-112.  iminimbal 
  impi 13-112 113  hot water.  iminimbal imsu 13-112 113  cold water.

nin 23  Subj. Pron.  I.  
  nin pal ginu��  23 2 322  I killed a hen.

ninaa 232 V.  lie down (v. naa 32, nyinyaa 232).  
  a ninaa 3232  he lied down.

ninnaa 3123  Nr.  eight (v. nirinaa).  
  s��kininnaa 133123  eighty. 

nirinaa 3223  Nr.  
  k��pirinirinaa 1113232  eighteen.

nshu 1  g��-/b��- 1/1.  black plum tree (H.��inya).

nshu 22  be- 1.  saliva, spittle.  
  amin sii benshu  133 22 122  I spitted saliva.

ntaa 23  gu- 3.  pumpkin.

nu-  Noun class prefix?  In: nuk��p 12 Nr.  ten (v. k��p 1, s��k 1).

nugu [nu��u] 22  gi-/nii- 3/13.  pot: gi-nugu/nii-nugu  322/1322.

nuk��p 12  Nr.  ten (v. k��p 1, s��k 1).

num 22  u- 2.  sun.

nuu 32  ��- 2.  right, correct.  
  ��-nuu yo 232 31  it is right.  
  baa nuu yo 23 32 31  it is not right, wrong.  

nu�� 22/H _, 33/M _  Poss.Pron.  your (pl.). 
  ibana nu��  232 33  your(pl.) house. 

nu�� 23  ��- 3.  vegetable.

nu�� 23~12/11~22  gi-/b��- 3/1 ~gi-/nii- 3/23.  fowl, hen: gi-nu��/b��-nu�� 
  323/111 ~312/111 ~gi-nu��/nii-nu�� 312/2322  ~gi-nu�� 322.   
  nin pal ginu��  232322  I killed a hen.  
  ikp�� ginu�� 11 322  feather of fowl.

nu�� 33  gi-/ni- 2/2.  bird: gi-nu��/ni-nu��  233/233.  
  ikp�� ginu�� 11 233  feather of bird.


NY,ny

nya 1 V.  stand up (v. nyinya 12 V).  
  nya un ci�� 1 13 11  stand up and walk!

nya�� 22  gi-/nyi- 3/3, ~gii-/nyii- 23/23.  forehead.
 
nya�� 22/33�@i-/be- 1/3.  who: i-nya��/be-nya�Ł@122/333.  
  inya�� 332  who is it?  inya�� oo 122 31 ~233 32   who is it?  
  bemba be nya�� oo 232 333 32  who are they?  
  b�� giya �� a shi inya��  2 32 3 1 2 122 ~232 3 2 3 222  what is  your name 
    (lit. they call you it is who)?

nyeni 32 (< ��-nyi + ��-nyi).  ��- 2.  person (v. ��-nyi/b��- 23/23, 
  ~��-ny��nyi/b��-nyanii 2-32/2-3232). ��nyeni 
  ��shi ��wayo 232 21 223  the person is clever.  
  ��nyeni sa��u ��wayo 232 32 213  the person is not clever.

nyer- 3  Dem.  In: 
  ��-nyeri 232  this.  
  ��-nyera 232  that.

nyera 32  ��- 2.  that (cf. ��-nyeri 232  this).

nyere [niere] 23 V.  sweep.  
  �� nyere uko  323 31  she swept (place).

nyeri 32  ��- 2.  this (cf. ��-nyera 232  that).

nyi 2   where (v. ni 2).  
  ice nu�� nyi 13 22 2  where is your father?

nyi 2  nii- 23.  mothers (sg. a-y�� 32~22  mother).   
  niinyi mii 232 32  my mothers.  
  niinyi ��nd��l 232 22  our mothers.  
  niinyi ��nu��  232 22  your mothers.

nyi 3  ��-/b��- 2/2.  person.�@
  ��nyi ��si��/b��nyi asi�� 2323/2323  European.�@
  ��nyi ��sel/b��nyi asel 2323/2323  black man.
 
-nyi/-nyii 2/32  person (v. nyin- 11).  In: ��-ny��nyi/b��-nyanyii 232/23232  
  person (<��-nyi+��+-nyi/b��-nyi+a+-nyi).
 
nyin- 11  a-/b��- 2/2.  person* (or a prefix?).  
  a-nyin+ci/b��-cii 2111/232  man.  
  a-nyin+cal/b��-cal 211 21/2 32  woman.

nyinaa 232 (< naa 32) V.  lie down (v. ninaa ~nyinyaa 232).  
  nyinaa 232  lie down!  

nyincal (nyin+cal 11+21)/cal 1121/32   a-/b��- 2/2.  woman: a-nyincal/b��-cal 
  21121/232.  
  dijam ��nyincal 11 221  beautiful woman.

nyinci (<nyin+ci 11+1) /cii 111/32   a-/b��- 2/2.   man: a-nyinci/b��-    cii 
  2111/232.

nyinya 12 (<nya 1) V.   
  nyinya  12   stand up!

nyinyaa 232 V.  lie down (v. ninaa ~nyinaa 232, naa 32).  
  nyinyaa 232  lie down!

nyinyaga [nyinya��a] 111  u- 1.  rough.  gu-pra gu-nyinyaga/��-pra 
  ��-nyinyaga  11 1111/11 2111  rough foot (leg).
     
nyip 2  gin-/nyin-  33/23.  small dove: gin-nyip/nyin-nyip 332/232.

nyo�� 22  gi-/nin- 3/23.  locust bean tree.

nyu�� 11  gu-/��- 2/2.  arm, hand.

nyu�� 13 V.  stink.  
  gu-nyu�� 213  to stink.  
  ulushu nyu�� 233 13  something stinks.

nyu�� 22~33  g��-/b��- 2/1 ~2/2.  mouth: g��-nyu��/b��-nyu�� 222/122 ~233/233.

ny��nyi/nyanii 32/3232 (<��-nyi+��+ nyi/b��-nyi+a+nyi)  ��-/b��-~be 2/2.  
  person: ��-ny��nyi/b��-nyaanyii 232/23232.  
  be-nyaanyii ba 23232 3  they are people.


NG,��

-�� 1 (< H.)  Det.  the.  
  ��m��t��ci-�� g��did��r  2323-1 211   the car is fast.
 
��a 2 V.  take, receive (v. ��ar).  
  �� ��a  32  he took.

��ar 2~3 V.  take (v. ��a 2 V).  
  ��ar 2  take!   
  min ��ar  133 2  I have taken.  
  ��ar 32  he has taken.  
  ��ar u gu 3232  he has taken (it?) to himself(?).   
  ba mba ��ar  2 12 3   come and take! 

��ar 2~ ��aar 22 V.  answer.  
  amin ��ar  133 2  I ansered.  
  amin di ��aar ma  11 3 22 1   I will answer you.
 
��u 1  ��- 1 ~a- 1.  ��-��u 11  you here (?).  
  a-��u 11  you there(?).

��wan 1 V.  skin, flay.  
  amin ��wan  133 11  I skinned.

��wan 2 V.  swallow.  amin ��wan 133 22  I have swallowed.


O,o

-o  2  Det.  the (v. -a 2~31).  
  ��buhu-o kuulushu  213-2 3333  the sack is empty.

o 2  Ad.  here.  
  g��sal mii shi o  23 32 3 2   my house is here.

oo 31 Iden.  
  ali�� oo  132 31  which is it?  
  inya�� oo 122 31  who is it?  
  bemba benya�� oo 332 333 31  who are they?


P,p

paala 113 Nr.  two (in composite numbers 12, 17, 22, 70, 200, 2000) v.  
  k��piripaala 111113  twelve.   
  s��kipaala iripaala 13113 11113  twenty-two.  
  ta d�� paala 132 113  two hundred.  
  ��dubu ��paala 2331223  two thousand.

pal 2 V.  extinguish (<kill).  
  a pal ula a gu   3 2 12 32 3   he extinguished the fire.

pal 2~3  V.  kill(v. p��l 1 V).  
  gu-pal 23  killing.  
  nin pal ginu�� 23 2 322  I killed a hen.
  
pala 23 V.  count.  
  amin pala 133 23  I counted.

pan 33  u-  2.  moon.

par 2  u- 2.  new.  
  ikili ipar 233 32  new money.  
  anepar/b��-wanepar 1131/12131  young man, youth.         

par 2  gu- 2. In: gu-par ula gu z��ri 22 33 323   epileptic person.

par 3  i-/i-  2/1~2.  palm of hand, sole of foot.  
  ipar gunyu��/ipar ��nyu�Ł@2311/2321  palm of hand.  
  ipar gupra/ipar ��pra 2311/2311    sole of foot. 

pa�� 11  di- 1.  truth.  
  dipa�� ga  111 31  it is true.

pe(e) 3(3) V.  tear(tr.).  gu-pe(e) 13(3)  to tear.

pe- 1  In: pezhi 13 (v. izhi 13 eye) i-/- 2/-  face.

peeme 332~333 V.  blow (with mouth), blow (of wind).  
  amin peeme 133 332  I blew (with mouth).  
  uuru sugu peeme  111 31 333  the wind is blowing.

pezhi 13 (v. izhi 13 eye) �@gi-/-  2/-.  face.

pi 3  u- 1.  hot.  
  galla�� gapi 111 13  hot water.  
  iminimbal impi 13112 113   hot water.

piini 222~223 V.  sharpen, whet.  
  gu-piini 2222~2223  to whet. 
  �� piini gin-ma ��  3 223 33   he sharpened a knife.
 
pininpi 3223  gi- 2.  small ants.

pli 3 (< p��li 13  urinate)   
  b��- 2.  urine ( v. be-p��li 133 urine).
  po 2 V  die (v. p�҃� 3).  
  �� po u  323  he is dead.

pra 1  gu-/��- 1/1.  leg, foot.  
  gupra gunyinyaga/��pra ��nyinyaga 11 11111/11 2111  rough foot (leg).                                       
pre 2 V.  catch.  
  amin pre 133 2   I caught.

pu- 2  In: puna 23 V.  sleep (cf. naa 32 lie down). 

pulete 311  u- 1. light (not heavy).  
  guk��kri shi g��pulete 133 2 3311  the shirt is light.

pulu 23 V.  jump.  
  amin pulu 133 23  I jumpt.

puna 23 V. sleep (cf. naa 32  lie down).  puna 23  sleep!  
  �� puna 323  he slept.  
  cin g�� puna  11 1 13   go and sleep! 
  
puu 21  a��- 1.  coughing.

pu�� 33  gu-/��- 2/2.  belly (v. p�҃� 33).

pw�փ� 22  in- 3.  two (v. paala 113).

pya [pia] 3 V.  touch.  
  amin pya 133 3  I touched.

p��l  1  V.   kill (c. pal 2).  
  amin p��l (133 1*) I killed.

p��p 3  di- 2.  fat; oil.

p��l�� 222 V.  remember.  
  amin  p��l�� 111 222  I remember.

p��li 13 V.  urinate (v.  be-p��li 133,  b��-pli 23 urine). 
  amin p��li 133 13  I have urinated.
 
p��li 33  be- 1.  urine (v. b��-pli 23).   
  amin sii  be-p��li  133 22  133  I have urinated.
 
p�҃� 33  gu-/a- 2/2.  belly (v. pu�� 33).

p�҃� 33 V.  die (v. po 2 V).  

p�҃� 33  die!


R,r

raakumi 1133 (<H.)  N.  camel.

re ~r�� 1~3 ( > de/N _)  Negative marker (v. de 1).  
  amin de kum mi 131221  I did not get it.   
  a re kum mu 31221  he did not get it.  a r�� ba ��  2111  he has not come.  ginma�� gi re zha gi 2222 1 3 11  the knife is not sharp.

reke 13/23  ��-/��- 1/2.  sugar-cane: ��-reke/��-reke  113/223.  
  ��reke ��yweyup/��reke ��yweyup  113 1331/223 2331  thick sugar-cane.

ri  Conj?  baa ri b�� k�փ�  come, let's hear!  

riijiya 3312  ��- 2.  well, water-hole.  
  ��-riijiya ��-yum  23312 121  deep well.  
  ��riijiya sa��u ��yum  23312 32 121  shallow (not deep) well. 

r�� 1  Negative marker (v. re 1, de 1).  
  a r�� ba ��  2111  he has not come.


S,s  

sa 2 V.  drink.  
  sa  drink!  
  amin sa 133 2  I have drunk.

saa 22 V.  weep, cry.  
  asogu saa  131 22  she (he) is crying.

saa 31 V  put on (gown) (<H.)  
  gu-saa 131  to put on.

sal 2~3  g��-/b��- 2/2 ~g��- 1.  house, compound: g��-sal/b��-sal  22/22, 
  ~23/23 (v. i-bana 232).  
  g��shu g��sal  2331  rat of house.  
  ula u konu g��sal  12 3 21 12  fire burnt a house.  
  g��sal endel  22 32  our house.  
  g��sal ��nu�� ni 22 322 2   where is your house?   
  g��sal ��maa  22 3 22  their house.  
  b��sal ��maa ni 223222  where  are their houses?  
  g��sal mii ni  23 32 2  wher  e is my house?  
  g��sal mii shi o  23 32 3 2   my house is here.  
  g��sal ��aa shi fra  23 32 3 2   his house is over there.  
  g��saal shi g��shi 232 3 23   where is your house?

sala 13 V.  wash (body), bathe.  
  gu-sala 113  to bathe.

sana 22 V.  split.  gu-sana 122 to split.

sa��  11/33  i-/i-  1/2.  small stone, gravel: i-sa��/i-sa�� 111/233. 
sa��u 32 V?  without, not possessor of? (cf. i-wen possessor of).  ��riijiya sa��u ��yum  23312 32 121  shallow (not deep) well.  ��nyeni sa��u ��wayo 232 32 213   the person is not clever.

see 11  u-*.  slow.  ��m��t��ci-�� g��see  2323-1 311  the cars are slow.

see 11.  u- 1.  light (opp: dark).  guda shi gusee 22 2 211  the room is light.  ��da shi ��see 22 2 211  the rooms are light.
  
see 11 V.  hoe, till, weed.  
  gu-see 111  to hoe.

see 22 V.  choose.  
  amin see 133 22  I have chosen.

sel 3  gi-/in-  1~2/11.  yam: gi-sel/in-sel 13~23/113.

sel 3  u- 2.  black.  
  gu-k��kri gu-sel/��k��kri ��sel 133 13/ 133 13  black shirt.  
  ��nyi ��sel/b��nyi asel 2323/2323  black man.
       
sele 22 V.  pass (by), go past.  
�� sele  3 22   he passed by.

she 2  di- 2.  mash (H. tuwo).  
  dishe ikpi��kpulu  22 13323  soft mash.  
  dishe dik��r 23 11  old (dried) mash. 

shene 33  u-/i-  3/3.  tail.

shi 1  i- 1.  sand.

shi 1~2 V.  have, possess.  
  ��u shi ��mina 11 2 111  you have sense.  
  ��nyeni ��shi ��wayo 232 21 223   the person is clever.  

shi 2  gin-/nin- ~nyin-  23/23.  tree:  gin-shi/nin-shi 232/232 (v. i-k�փ�).     ��mple ginshi 223 232  bark of tree.

shi 2 V.  be (copula).  
  guk��k��gri gri shi gujam 1233 2 2 31  this gown is good (beautiful). 
  inam gii raakumi shi g��nak 111 23 1133 2 31  camel meat is soft.  
  takarda shi ��-lelle  212 2 33   the paper is big.

shi 3  u- 1.  white ( v. u-shii 232).  
  guk��kri gushi/��k��kri ��shi 133 13/133 13  white shirt.  
  ��tebur ��shi/��tebur ��shi 131 13/231 13  white table.
 
shi 3  Q.  where (v. ni 2).  
  g��saal shi g��shi 232 3 23  where is your house?  
  ibana nu�� shi gashi 232 33 3 23  where is your house?

shi 3  i- 2.  what.  
  ishi aa  23 32  what is it?   
  shi aa gu 3 32 3  what is it?   
  shi nu�� lee  3 22 32  what are you doing?   
  shi ne ��u lee 3 22 32  what are you doing?   
  shi ne ��u waa  3 2 2 32  what are you looking for?

shi 3 conj. that (v. ashi 23  Conj.).  
  a co shi amin ba  11 3 1112   he said that I should come.

shi 3 V. exist, be.  
  g��saal shi g��shi 232 3 23  where is your house?  
  g��sal mii shi o  23 32 3 2   my house is here.
   
shiene 313/333  ��-/a- 2/3.  crab: ��-shiene/a-shiene  2-313/3-333.

shii 32  u- 2.  white (v. u-shi 13).

shine? 32  Q.  what (v. shi 3).  
  shine ��u waa 32 2 32   what are you (sg.) looking for?   
  shine ��u lee 32 2 32   what are you doing?  
    
shinkafa N.  Hausa Word.  rice.

shu 2  gi-/in- 2/22.  hair.  
  gishu nishu/inshu ninshu  22 32/222 332  hair of head.

shu 3  di-/��- 2/2.  head.

shu 3/1  g��-/b��- 2~1/1.  mouse, rat: g��-shu/b��-shu  23~13/11. 
  g��shu g��sal  23 31  house rat.

shule 23  u- 2.  many.

shwa 2  gu-/��- 1/1.  load (<shwa 2 V carry).

shwa 2 V.  take up, carry.  
  �� shwa 32  he took up.

sh��l�� 22  g��-/b��- 1/1.  baboon.

sig��ri 113 V.  descend.  
  sig��ri 113  descend!

sii 22 V.  pour.  
  gu-sii 122  to pour.

sii 22 V. (< sii 22  pour).  
  amin sii bep��li  133 22 133  I have urinated.  
  amin sii benshu 133 22 12  I spitted (saliva).

simenti 1312  ��- 2.  cement.  
  ��simenti shi g��dindi�� 21312 2 322  cement is heavy.

si�� 33  u- 2~1.  red: u-si�� 233~133.  
  ��nyi ��si��/b��nyi asi�� 23 233/23 233  European (red person).  
  guda gusi��/��da ��si��  22 233/22 233  red room. 

sogu 31 AM: progressive (v. sugu).  
  a sogu len  1 31 22  he is playing.  
  be sogu len  2 31 22  they are playing.  
  a sogu kaala 1 31 222  he (she) is laughing.

sra 3  i- 1.  millet.

su 3  u- 1. Adj.  cold.  
  galla�� gasu 111 13  cold water.  
  iminimbal imsu 1312 12  cold water.

sugu [su��u ]  32~31~11.  AM: progressive (v. sogu 31).  
  amin sugu lee ilam  111 32 23 32   I am doing work.  
  uuru sugu peeme 111 31 333 (cf. peeme 332 V)  the wind is blowing.  
  amin sugu ci�� 111 11 22  I am walking.

sum 11  g��-/b��- 2/1.  hare: g��-sum/b��-sum  211/111.

s��k 1  ��-/a��- 1/1 ~a��-/��- 1/1.  guinea-fowl.

s��k 1 Nr.  ten (pl. in compound numbers above twenty, v. k��p 1 sg.).  
  s��kipaala 13113  twenty.  
  s��kitaa 1323  thirty.  
  s��kinaa 1323  forty.  
  s��kicuu 1312  fifty.  
  s��kicunu 1311  sixty.  
  s��kit�փ� paala 1311113  seventy.  
  s��kininnaa 133123  eighty.  
  s��kut�փ�laa 132223  ninety.
 
s��kicunu 1311 Nr.  sixty.

s��kicuu 1312 Nr.  fifty.

s��kinaa 1323 Nr.  forty.

s��kininnaa 133123 Nr.  eighty.

s��k-ipaala 1-3113 Nr.  twenty.  
  s��k-ipaala iriz�҃� 1-3113 1122  twenty-one.  
  s��k-ipaala iripaala 1-3113 11113  twenty-two.  
  s��k-ipaala irita  1-3113 113  twenty-three.  
  s��k-ipaala irinaa 1-3113 1123  twenty-four.  

s��kitaa 1323 Nr.  thirty.  
  s��kitaa-iriz�҃� 1323-1122  thirty-one.

s��kit�փ�paala 1311113 Nr.  seventy.

s��kut�փ�laa 132223 Nr.  ninety.
 
s��l 1  i-/no pl. 1/-.  vagina.


T,t

ta 1 V.  shoot.  
  amin ta  1331   I shot.

ta 1~2 V.  throw away.  
  ta gu 12  throw it away!   
  �� ta u 322  he threw.

ta 3 Nr.  three (in composite numbers 13, 23; v. taa 33~23).  
  k��p-irita 1113  thirteen.  
  s��kipaala-irita 13113-113  twenty-three. 

taa 32 V.  sew.  
  gu-taa 132  sewing.

taa 33~23  in- 33 ~di- 2. three: in-taa 3333~3323,  di-taa 223.  
  tad�� taa 132 23  three hundred. 

tad�� 132  ��- 1.  hundred: ��-tad�� 1132.  
  tad�� paala  132 113    two hundred.  
  tad�� taa  132 23  three hundred.
      
tak 2  ��- 2.  buttocks.

tak 2 V. dance.  
  �� tak 32  he danced.  
  a sogu tak 1312  he is dancing.

tak 2 (<tak 2 V)  u-/��- 1/1.  dance, dancing .

tak 2~3 V.  sing (v. tak 2 V  dance).  
  tak ��n-ce  3 332 ~2 332  sing (a song).  
  a sogu tak ��n-ce 1 31 3 332  he is singing (a song).  
  �� tak ��n-ce  3 2 332  he sang (a song).
 
takarda 212  N. (< H.).  
  takarda shi ��-lelle  212233  the paper is big.

tal 2 V.  pull.  
  gu-tal  to pull.

tal 3  i- 2~1?.  groundnuts: i-tal 23~1?3.

tattabara N.  Hausa word.  pigeon.

ta�� 22 V.  refuse.  
  �� ta�� u  3222  he refused.  
  amin ta�� mi 111 22 3  I refuse.

ta�� 22 V.  stand (v. tita�� 122).

ta�� 22  u-/? 1/?  town.  
  u-ta�� n-u be-kpeere ungwo shi u��Kanu 122 1 3222 331 1 132  town of the 
    Hausa, that is Kano.  
  u-ta�� o maa u��kano 122 1 31 121  their town is Kano.  
  uta�� o ndul ungwo shi Kamuru Ikulu 121 3 331 1 121 232  our town, that is 
    Kamuru Ikulu.

tebur 31 (< H.<E.). ��-/��- 1/2.  table: ��-tebur/��- 131/231. 
  ��tebur ��shi/��tebur ��shi 13113/23123  white table.  
  ��tebur adeda/��tebur adeda  131111/231111  rectangular table.  
  ��tebur iki��kiri 1311323 round table.

tia 22 V.  sit down (v. titia 222).  

tita 13 (< H. cittaa?)  i- 1.  pepper.

tita�� 122 (< ta�� 22) V.  stand.  
  a tita�� 3 122  he stood.

titia 222 (< tia 22) V.  sit down.  
  a titia 3222  he sat down.
 �@
ti�� 11  i- 1.  darkness.  
  guda iti��/��da iti��  22 111/22 111  dark room.

tra 1  u-/i- 1/1.  path.  
  utra ufufy��n/itra ifify��n  11 1232/11 2332  narrow path.

tri~t��ri 21  gin- 2.  ? H. k'wa ?

tri 1  in- 11.  soup, sauce. 
  intri ikpi��kpulu  111 13323  fine sause.

tri 3  g��-/b��- 2/1.  back (of body): g��-tri/b��-tri  23/13.

tri 3  gu-/��- 2/2.  back (of hand, of foot < back of body).   
  gutri gunyu��/��tri ��nyu�� 13122/12111 (T?) back of hand.  
  gutri gupra/��tri ��pra  2311/2311�@back of foot.

trii��el 111131 (cf. tri 1  soup: H. dooguwar miya)  in- 11.  the herb 
  Ceratotheca esamoides whose leaves are used for soup (H.karkashi).

tuba 33  gu-/��- 2/2.  horn: gu-tuba/��-tuba  233/233.

tugu 13  ��- 1.  thief.

tuk 2/1  g��-/b��- 1/1.  night.

tukuru 331 V.  sow (seeds), transplant.  
  gu-tukuru 1331  to sow.

tunjere N.  Hausa word.  syphilis.

tu��ga 33  ��- 1.  market.

t��ba 22 V. send.  
  amin t��ba u  133 22 2  I sent him.  
  guu-t��ba  222  sending, to send.  
  in t��ba ��  11 33 3 (T?)  let me send you.

t��ba  in- 11  name.  
  int��ba mi b�� giya mi ashi Kutu Daabo  1133 2 2 32 3 23 21 221  my name, 
    they call me Kutu Daabo.  
  int��ba ��a b�� giya ashi Ibrahim  1133 2 2 31 23 ...his name is Ibrahim. 
     
t��va 13  a-/��- 1/1.  elefant grass.

t��- 3 Nr.  five (in the forms of 17 and 19, v. t�փ�- 31).  -t��paala 3113 
  (in seventeen).  -t��llaa 123 (in nineteen).  

-t��llaa 123 Nr.  nine (in nineteen, v. -t�փ�llaa 2223 in ninety).

-t��paala 31113 Nr. seven (in the compound number 17).  
  k��pirit��paala 1113113  seventeen.

t�փ� 33  di-/a-  2/2.  bee.

t�փ�  gu-/��- 2/2.  ear:  gu-t�փ�/��-t�փ� 233/233.  
  gut�փ� ��ja 233 11  ear of leaf  (H. k'waya daya  one leaf).  

t�փ�- 31 Nr.  five (in the forms of 7, 70, 9 and 90, v. t��- 3 ).  
  t�փ�paa 3122  seven.  
  -t�փ�paala 11113 (in seventy).  
  t�փ�llaa 3122  nine.  
  -t�փ�llaa* 2223 (in ninety).

t�փ�llaa 3122  Nr.  nine.  v. -t�փ�llaa 2223 (in ninety); -t��llaa 123 (in 
  nineteen).

t�փ�paa 3122 Nr.  seven.

t�փ�paala 11113 Nr.  seven (in the compound number 70, v. t��paala 31113).  
  s��k it�փ�paala 1 311113  seventy.


U,u

upa 23 V.  drop, fall.  
  gu-upa 123  to drop, to fall.

uru 11  u- 1.  wind.  
  uuru sugu peeme 111 31 333  the wind is blowing.

V,v

va 2  gi-/b��- 3/1 ~gi-/nyin- 3/23.  dog: gi-va/b��-va 32/12, ~gi-va/nyin-va 
  32/232.

voro 11  in- 11.  okra.

vu 3  i- 2.  mosquito.

vyu 2  gu- 2.  sickness.  
  gu-vyu i i-zhi 22 3 13  dizziness.

v�փ� [v��~] 2/2~3  i-/i-  1/3.  fish: i-v�փ�/i-v�փ� 12/22~33.


W,w

waa 32 V. look for, search, seek; want.   
  gu-waa 132  to look for, search.  
  shine ��u waa 32232  what are you (sg.) looking for?  
  shi nu�� waa 32232  what are you (pl.) looking for?  
  amin waa g��llam 111 32 322  I am looking for water.  
  amin waa 11132  I want.   
  amin waa, amin kum 111 32,133 22  I was looking for and I have got it.  

waa 32 V.  slaughter.  
  gu-waa i-nam 132 23  to slaughter animal.

wanepar 1131/2131 (v. u-par 22  new).  0-/b��-  -/1.  young man, youth: 
  wanepar/b��-wanepar  1131/12131.

wayo 23~13 (<H. waayoo 12) ��- 2.  cleverness, cunning. 
  ��nyeni ��shi ��ayo 232 21 223  the person is clever.  
  ��nyeni sa��u ��wayo 232 32 213  the person is not clever.

wen 11  i- 1.  possessor of (?) (cf. sa��u). 
  i-wen ��-bin 111 31  noisy (cf. H. mai surutu).
     
wen 11  i- 1.  ?(children?).  
  ��mangoro ��bii/iwen ��mangoro ��bii 23111 232/111 33111 232  unripe mango.

weni 23 V.  take off (clothes).  
  gu-weni 123  to take off.

wi 3  di- 2.  voice.  
  amin k��g�� diwi ��y��k 111 23 23 21  I hear man's voice.

wini 23 V.  pull out.  
  gu-wini 123  to pull out.

wokl�� 22  a-  2.  throat, windpipe.

wu 3 V.  hunt.  
  a wu inam 1322  he is hunting animal.

wure 22 V.  break (a stick).  
  gu-wure 222  to break.
  
w��l 1/3  i-/i- 1/2.  water-monitor:  i-w��l/i-w��l  11/23.

w��ne 33  i-/i-  2/3.  nose.


Y,y

yaala 332  g��-/b��- 1/1.  monkey. 

yaala 332 V.  forge (metal).  
  gu-yaala 1332  to forge.

yaba 11 (<H. ayaba)  a-/��- 1/1.  banana.

yam 1/3  i-/i- 1/2.  bush rat: i-yam/i-yam  11/23.

ya�� 11 V.  climb.  
  ya�� 11  climb!

yiyum 231 (< yum 31).  deep.  
  g��-llam g��-yiyum 322 2231  deep water.

yi�� 22~33 V. receive, accept, take (v. ��a 2).  
  yi�� 22~33  take!  receive! 

yolo 22 V.  follow.  
  amin yolo 133 22  I followed (him?).

yolo 23 V.  teach.  
  amin yolo �� 133 23 3  I taught you.

yula 13/33  a-/a- 1/2.  frog: a-yula/a-yula 113/233.  
  dikpa ayula/akpa ayula 32 113/33 333  egg of frog.

yulu 22~32 V.  learn, teach.  
  amin yulu ikp��r�� 111 32 2111  I am learning Hausa.  
  amin yulu 133 22  I have learned.  
  amin yulu �� ikp��r��  133 22 3 2111   I taught you Hausa.

yum 21~31  u- 1.  deep (v. yiyum 231).  
  ��-riijiya ��-yum  23312 121 deep well.  
  g��-llam g��-yum  322 231  deep water. 

yuyop 23  u- 1.  thick (v. yweyup 31).

ywa 3 V.  pain (cause pain to).  
  dinam mi i ywa  22 2 3 3  my body pains me.

ywa (~wa?) 2/3  i-/i- 1/3.  seed: i-ywa/iywa  12/33.

ywap 3 V.  tie (rope).  
  gu-ywap 13  to tie.

yweyup 31~331  u- 1.  thick (v. yuyop 23).  
  ��reke ��yweyup/��reke
  ��yweyup 113 1331/223 2331  thick sugar-cane.

y�� 2  a- 3~2.  mother: a-y�� 32~22 (pl. nii-nyi 23-2  mothers).  
  ay�� mi 32 2  my motehr.  
  ay�� �� 32 3  your mother.  
  ay�� ��a 32 2  his (her) mother.  
  ay�� nd��l 32 3  our mother.  
  ay�� nu�� 32 3  your mother.  
  ay�� maa 32 32  their mother.
   
y��ri 22 V?  i-  3?  
  ibana nd��l i y��ri 2323 3 22  here is our house.   

y��k 1  ��- 2.  man.  
  amin k��g�� diwi ��y��k 111 23 23 21  I hear man's voice.


Z,z       

zha 2 V.  eat.  zha  2 eat!  
  amin zha  133 2  I have eaten.   
  ba mbo zha 2 12 2  come and eat!

zha 2 V.  be sharp (<eat).  
  ginma�� gi zha 2222 1 2  the knife is sharp.  
  ginma�� gi re zha gi  2222 1 3 1 1  the knife is not sharp.              

zhelegu [zhielegu]  223 V.  forget.  
  amin zhelegu 133 223  I forgot.

zhi 3  i-/i- 1/2.  eye: i-zhi/i-zhi 13/23.  
  izhi gupra/izhi ��pra 1331/2331  ankle.  
  guvyu i izhi 22313  dizziness.  cf. gi-pezhi  213  face.

zigiki 233  gi-/nin  3/23.  donkey: gi-zigiki/nin-zigiki 3233/23233 
  (v. zikiki 233).

zik 3  ��n- 22.  black kite.

zikiki 233  gi-/nin  3/23.  donkey: gi-zikiki/nin-zikiki  3233/23233. (v. 
  zigiki 233).      

zri 2  gu-/��- 2/2.  stream: gu-zri/��-zri.

zun 22  an- 33.  fly.

z��ri�mz(��)ri] 22~33  di-/��- 2/2 ~3/3.  tooth: di-z��ri/��-z��ri 222/222 
  ~di-z��ri/��-z��ri 333/333.

z��ri 23  In: gupar ula gu z��ri 22 33 323  epileptic person.

z�҃� 2  Nr.  one (in composite numbers 11, 21, 31).  
  k��p iriz�҃� 1112  eleven.  
  s��k ipaala iriz�҃� 1 3113 112  twenty-one.  
  s��k itaa iriz�҃� 1 313 112  thirty-one.

Part Three:  An English-Kulu index


A,a

able, v. can.
abuse, c��ga  11~22 V,  guu-c��ga 1122  abuse (n.).
accept, v. rreceive.
accompany,  gaati 113.
all,  gajijuk 223.
and,  (connects verbs) mba ~mbo 12�Ag�� 1.
animal,  i-nam 133/333,~122/333, 233, 222.
ankle,  izhi gupra/izhi ��pra 1331/2331. 
answer,  k�փ� 2,  ��ar 2 ~��aar 22.
ants: small ants,  gi-pininpi 23223.
anus,  u-d��r/i-d��r 23/23.
arm, hand,  gu-nyu��/��-nyu�� 211/211. 
arrive,  mal 2.
artery,  ��-cop/��-cop ~��-c��p/��-c��p 12/23.
ashes,  in-c�փ� 1133.
ask,  leri 23~13, lere 32 V.


B,b

baboon,  g��-sh��l��/b��-sh��l�� 122/122.
back: back (of body),  g��-tri/b��-tri 23/13;  back (of hand, of foot)  
  gu-tri/��- 23/23.
bad,  u- bubi 2-33.
bag v. sack.
banana,  a-yaba/��-yaba 111/111.
bandicoot, v. giant rat.
bark (of tree),  ��-mple 23.
base v. buttocks.
bat: fruit-bat,  ��-l��m��/��-l��m�� 122/ 222.
bathe, wash (body),  sala 13.
be (exist),  shi 3.
be (copula),  shi 2,  shi 3.
beans,  i-jik 11.
bear (child),  bii 12.
beat (drum),  kulu 11. 
beat (person),  dup 3.
beautiful,  u-jam 11,  gu-f��l�� 333.
bed,  u-kunaa/i-kunaa 2-132/1-132.
bed bugs,  i-kir 23.
bee,  di-t�փ�/a-t�փ� 233/233.
beg,  kul�� 13.
belly,  gu-p�҃�/a-p�҃� 233/233  ~gu-pu��/��-pu��  233/233.
big,  u-lulle 2-323,  lelle 33 N?
bird,  gi-nu��/ni-nu�� 233/233.
bite,  luba 22.
black,  u-sel 23.
black kite, ��n-zik  223.
black man, ��nyi ��sel/b��nyi asel 23 23/23 23.
black plum tree,  g��-nshu/b��-nshu 111/111.
blood,  b��-ji 23~13.
blow: blow with mouth, blow (of wind),  peeme 332~333.
bone,  ��-kubu/a-kubu ~a-kubu/��-kubu 113/233.
borrow, lend,  g��ta 12.
bottom,  g��-b��li/b��-b��li 223/223.
break (a stick),  wure 22.
breast (of woman),  di-baara/��-baara 2332/2332  ~di-bara/��-bara 232/232.
bring,  bagu 13.
buffalo,  i-kama  132/?.
build (house),  byana 31.
burn,  konu 21,  kunu 31.
bury (person),  la�� 31.
bush,  g��-llobu 222,  lugu 23 N?. 
bush rat,  i-yam/i-yam 11/23.
buttocks,  ��-tak 22.
buy,  l��p 2.


C,c

calf (of leg),  gi-damce/in-damce 233/233.
call,  giya 22 V.
camel,  raakumi 1133.
can, be able to,  ja 3 V.
car,  ��-m��t��/��-m��t��ci 232/2223 ~2323.
carpenter,  cam 3 V.
carry, take up  shwa 2.
carve (wood),  cam 3.
cat  gi-masa/nii-masa  311/2311  ~gi-musa/nii-masa  311/2311.
catch,  pre 2.
cattle,  v. cow.
cement,  ��-simenti  2-1312.
chameleon,  a-curu/a-curu  113/233.
cheek,  g��-gb��k/����-gb��k  23/23.
chest,  i-kw��k/-  11/-.
children?,  i-wen 11.
chin,  g��-llan/b��-llan  232/232.
choose,  see 22.
chop, fell, slash (tree),  cam 3 V.
circle?, turning round?,  i-kenk��li 2-333.
cleverness,  ��-wayo 223~213.
climb,  ya�� 1.
cloud: white cloud,  ��-men 111. 
cock, gin-k��n��/nyin-k��n�� 33-23/23-23.
cold,  u-su  13.
come,  ba 2~1,  bii 32.
compound,  i-bana 232,  g��-sal 23.
compress,  v. press down.
cook,  kilya 12 V.
correct, right,  ��-nuu 232.
cotton,  Hausa word: auduga. 
coughing,  a��-puu 1121.
count,  pala 23 V.
cover (a pot),  kokulu 331 ~koguru 222 V.
cow,  i-nak/i-nak 12/33.
crab, ��-shiene/a-shiene  2-313/3-333.
crawcraw  v. scabies.
crow,  Hausa word: hankaka.
cry,  v. weep.
cunning, cleverness,  ��-wayo 223~213.


D,d

dance,  tak 2 V.
dancing,  u-tak/��-tak 12/12.
darkness,  i-ti�� 111.
day before yesterday,  u-bu��ra 2332.
deep,  u-yum 121~131 ~yiyum 231.
deleb palm tree,  i-kuk 11.
descend,  sig��ri 113.
diarrhoea,  gu-fou 222.
die,  po 2,  p�҃� 33.
divide,  kap 2.
do,  lee 32~23.
dog,  gi-va/b��-va 32/12  ~gi-va/nyin-va 32/232.
donkey,  gi-zikiki/nin- 3233/23233  ~gi-zigiki/nin-zigiki 3233/23233. 
doorway,  a-kofa/-kofofi 2-32/-222.
small dove,  gin-nyip/nyin-nyip 332/232.
dream:  dream N.,  e-la 23;  dream a dream,  naa la  32 3. 
drink,  sa 2.
drop, fall,  upa 23 V.
drum,   g��-bri/b��-bri 13/13.
dry,  gu-kwagla 323  ~gu-kwakla 213.
duck,  Hausa word: agwagwa.


E,e

ear,  gu-t�փ�/��-t�փ� 233/233.
earth,  di-bu�� 333.
eat,  zha 2.
egg,  di-kpa/��-kpa 23/23.
eight,  ninnaa 3123, -nirinaa 3223 (in the form of eighteen).
eighteen,  k��pirinirinaa 1113223.
eighty,  s��kininnaa 133123.
elbow,  gu-g��nyinyi�� 22211.
elephant,  i-ka��/i-kaama 1-13/2-333.
eleven,  k��piriz�҃� 1112.
elefant grass,  a-t��va/��-t��va 113/113.
empty,  kullushu 333  ~kuulushu 3333 ~ kulushu 222. 
enter, v. go in. 
epileptic person,  v. par 2.
European,  ��nyi ��si��/b��nyi asi�� 2323/2323.
excrement,  di-bu��/��-bu�� 233/233  ~di-bu�� 222, ri-b�҃� 222.
exist, be,   shi 3.
extinguish,  pal 2.
eye,  i-zhi/i-zhi 13/23. 


F,f

face,  gi-pezhi/-  213/-.
falcon,  v. hawk.
fall,   kpa 2 V,  upa 23 V.
falsehood,  v. lies.
fast,  i-did��r 111.
fat, oil,  di-p��p 23.
father,  i-ci/nyin-ci 13/113.
fear,  ri-bun 122. 
feather,  i-kp�� 11.
feel,  k��g�� 12 V. 
fell (tree),  cam 3. 
fifteen,  k��piricu 1113.
fifty,  s��kicuu 1312.
fig tree,  gi-k��k/nyin-k��k 32/232.
fight,  kwan 2 V. 
fill,  m��l�� 22.
finger,  i-f��/i-f�� 13/23  ~if��nyu��/if��nyu�� 1311/2311. 
finish (doing),  kwal 2.
fire,  u-la/i-la  23/12  ~u-la 12.
fish,  i-v�փ�/i-v�փ� 12/22~33.
five,  in-cuu 3322,  -cuu 12  ~-cu 3 (in compound numbers: 15, 50),   
  t�փ� 31  ~t�� 3  (in compound numbers: 7, 70, 9, 90; 17,19).
flay, skin,  ��wan 1 V.
flesh,  di-nam/��-nam  222/222, ~di-nam/e-nam  333/333.
flour,  ��-gari 213.
fly,  an-zun 3322.
follow,  yolo 22 V.
foot, leg,  gu-pra/��-pra 11/11.
forehead?  gi-nya��/nyi-nya�� 322/322  ~gii-nya��/nyii-nya�� 2322/2322.
forge (metal),  yaala 332.
forget,  zhelegu 223.
forty,  s��kinaa 1323.
four,  in-naa 3322 ~naa 23.
fourteen,  k��pirinaa 11123.
fowl, hen,  gi-nu��/b��-nu�� 323/111 ~312/111, ~ gi-nu��/nii-nu�� 312/2322, 
  ~gi-nu�� 322.
frog,  a-yula/a-yula 113/233.
fruit-bat  v. bat.
fry, roast in ash,  kaana 221.
full (be),  mele 23 ~ m��le 23 (v. m��l�� 22 V  fill).
future tense marker  di 3.


G,g

games, play,  gu-len/e-len 12/12.
gather,  co�� 22 ~23(?) V.
get, obtain,  kum 2.
giant rat, bandicoot,  g��-kur��/b��-kur�� 232/232.
give,  ma 2.
give birth,  bii 12.
go,  cin 1 V. (v. cu�� ?).
go away,�@ka�� 2.
go down,  v. descend.
go in, enter,  kaana 111, kaama 113.
go out,  gulu 22.
go round,  kaa 33.
goat,  gi-m-bu��/b��-bu�� 2322/122   ~gi-m-bu��/nin-bu�� 2322/2322.
good (be),  gu-f��l�� 333, u-jam 11.
gown,  v. shirt.
grass,  ��-bu�� 111; in-bu�� 23-22  a leaf of grass.
grasshopper,  ��-gala/��-gala 113/333.
gravel,  i-sa��/i-sa�� 111/233.
grill,  fu 1 V.
grind,  kw��k 2.
ground-squirrel, g��-cuk/b��-cuk 23/23.
groundnuts,  i-tal 23~1?3.
guinea-corn,  a-gba 13.
guinea-fowl, ��-s��k/a��-s��k 111/111  ~a��-s��k/��-s��k 111/111.
guts, intestines,  ��-na�� 322.


H,h

hair,  gi-shu/in-shu 22/222.
hair-do,  gu-cwan 222.
hand, arm,  gu-nyu��/��-nyu�� 21/21.
hard (not soft),  u-cokru 211 ~212.
hare,  g��-sum/b��-sum  211/111.
Hausa: Hausa language,  i-kp��r�� 2111;  Hausa people,  ��-kp��r��
  /b��-kp��r��  2111/1111  ~be-kpeere 3222.
have, possess,  shi 1~2 V.
hawk, falcon,  i-kal 11.
he, she,  �Á@subj.pron. 3. pers. sg..
head,  di-shu/��-shu  23/23.
hear,  k�փ� 1 ~2,  k��g�� 23.
heart,  i-kwal/i-kwal 12/33 ~13/33 ~23/33.
heavy,  u-dindi�� 2-2222.
heel,  g��-kwal gu-pra/��-kwal ��-pra 3331/3331 (nape of foot).
hen,  v. fowl.
herb: H. karkashii,  in-trii��el 11-11131.
here,  *-i,  ~fri 2, ~gu-fri 22,  y��ri 22 V?,  -o 2 ~-a 2.
hoe, till, weed,  see 11 V.
hold (in hand),  bu�� 22.
hole,  u-kpu/i-kpu 13/13. 
horn,  gu-tuba/��-tuba  233/233.
horse,  i-kabai-kaba 113/233.
hot,  u-pi 13.
house, compound,  i-bana 232,  g��-sal/b��-sal  22/22~23/23  ~g��sal 12.
hundred,  ��-tad�� 1132.
hunt,  fulu 23,  wu 3.
hunting,  ��n-gum  23-232.
hut, room,  gu-da/��-da  22/22.
hyena,  g��-llibi/b��-llibi 111/111.


I,i

I,  subj. pron. 1st pers. sg.,  nin 23.
Identifier,  oo 31. 
illness,  v. sickness.
injury,  v. wound.
intelligence,  v. sence.
intestines,  v. guts.


J,j

jump,  pulu 23 V.


K,k

kill,  pal 2~3 V,   p��l 1 V.
knee,  gu-llu��/��-llu�� 222/222.
knife,   gin-ma�� 222~333.
know,  ja  2 V.
kola-nuts,  Hausa word: goro. 


L,l

landmonitor,  v. monitor.
laugh,  kaala 222 V. 
laughter, laugh,  gu-kaala 2222.
leaf,  ��-ja 11,  in-bu�� 2322  a leaf of grass, (cf.��-bu�� 11  grass). 
learn  yulu 22~32 V. 
leg, foot,  gu-pra/��-pra 11/11.
lemon,  Hausa word:  lemo N.
lend,  v. borrow.
lick,  lii 12 V.
lie down,   naa 32,  ~ninaa 232  ~nyinaa 232 ~nyinyaa 232.
lies, falsehood,   di-lal 23.
light (not dark),  u-see 111.
light (not heavy),  u-pulete 1311.
lion,  i-kpi/i-kpi  11/21.
lip,  i-ble 23.
liver,  ��-iye/a-iye 223/233 ~��-iy��/��-iy�� 113/233.
lizard,  i-d��la /i-d��la 111/211. 
load,  gu-shwa/��-shwa 12/12.
locust bean tree,  gi-nyo��/nin-nyo��  322/2322.
locust,  v. grasshopper.
long,  u-nd��l 32.
look for, seek,  waa 32 V.
lose,  bulu 11 V(?).
louse/lice,  gi-kwarkw��ta/in- 2-3122/11-3123.


M,m

man,  a-nyinci/b��-cii 2111/232, ��-y��k 21.
mango,  ��-mangoro/i-wen ��-mangoro 2-3111/1-1 3-3111.
many,  u-shule 223.
market,  ��-tu��ga 133.
mash,  di-she 22.
meat,  i-nam 111~122/222.
meeting,  gu-co�� 12 (v. gather).
milk,  be-baara 2332 ~be-bara 232.
millet,  i-sra 13.
moisten,  v. soak.
money,  i-kili 233.
monitor: land-monitor,  ��-guru/��-guru 122/222;  water-monitor,  i-w��l
  /i-w��l 11/23.
monkey,  g��-yaala/b��-yaala 1332/1332.
moon,  u-pan 233.
mosquito,  i-vu 23.
mother,  a-y��/nii-nyi  32~22/232.
mountain,  g��-k�փ�/b��-k�փ� 11/11.
mouse,  g��-shu/b��-shu  23~13/11.
mouth,  g��-nyu��/b��-nyu�� 222/122 ~233/233.
muscle,  ��-cop/��-cop ~��-c��p/��-c��p 12/23.


N,n

nail,  ��-mpla/��-mpla 11/21,  ~a-mpla/��-mpla 11/21.
name,  in-t��ba 1133.
nape: nape of the neck,  g��-kwal/��-kwal 33/33;  nape of head,   g��-kwal 
  dishu/bee-kwal ��shu 3311/131323.
narrow,  u-fufy��n 1232.
neck,  u-co/i-co 12/12 ~23/23.
nerve, ��-cop/��-cop ~��-c��p/��-c��p 12/23.
new,  u-par 22.
night,  g��-tuk/b��-tuk 12/11.
nine,  t�փ�llaa 3122  ~-t��llaa 123 (in nineteen)  ~-t�փ�llaa 2223 (in 
  ninety).
nineteen,  k��put��llaa 11123.
ninety,  s��kut�փ�laa 132223.
noise,  v. talkativeness.
nose,  i-w��ne/i-w��ne  233/333.
not (Negative marker),  re ~r�� 1, de 2;  baa 11...ba 2 ~ba 1...ba 2. 

O,o

obtain,  v. get.
oil, fat,  di-p��p 23.
oil palm,  Hausa word:  kwakwa.
okra,  in-voro 1111.
old,  u-k��r 21.
one,  in-ji  333,  z�҃� 22.
open (door),  k��ri 22 V.
our,  nd��l  2~3.
over there,  -a 2,  fra 2, gu-fra 22;  cu�� 1 adv? V?.


P,p  

pain,  ywa 3 V.
palm (of hand),  i-par/i-par 23/13~23,  ipar gunyu��/ipar ��nyu�� 23111/23211
  palm of hand.
palm tree: deleb palm,  i-kuk 11.
paper,  takarda 212  N.
pass by,  sele 22.
path,  u-tra/i-tra 11/11.
penis,  i-kpa/ikpa  23/33.
pepper,  i-tita 113.
person,  ��-nyi/b��--nyi 23/23  ~nyi/nyii 2/32  ~��-ny��nyi/b��-nyaanyii 
  232/23232  ~��-nyeni 232  ~a-nyin+/b��- 211/211 (in 'man' and 'woman').
pierce,  kini 32 V.
pig,  ��-l��d��/��-l��du  131/113.
pigeon,  Hausa word: tattabara.
place,  u-ko/i-ko  31/11  ~ku 1.
plait (hair, string),  cwan 22 V.
play (games),  len 2 V.
pluck (fruit),  kwai 22 V.
plum: black plum tree,  g��-nshu/b��- 11/11.
possess, have,  shi 1~2 V.
possessor of,  i-wen  11 (Neg. sa��u 32?).
pot,  gi-nugu/nii-nugu  322/1322.
pound (grain) in mortar,  cwa 2 V.
pour,  sii 22 V.
press down,  jili 33 V.
pull,  tal 2 V.
pull out,  wini 23 V.
pumpkin,  gu-ntaa 2323.
push,  ji 3 V.
put on (gown),  saa 31 V.


R,r

rain,  i-bula 133 ~i-bla 13.
ram,  g��-klu/b��-klu 21/12.
rat: mouse,  g��-shu/b��-shu 23~13/11;  bush rat,  i-yam/i-yam 11/23.
raw, ��-bii 232.
receive, take, accept,  yi�� 33~22,  ��a 2.
rectangle,  a-deda 111.
red,  u-si�� 23~13.
red sorrel,  ��-barkata 2-3132.
refuse,  ta�� 2 V.
remember,  p��l�� 222 V. 
repair,  gyara 21 V.
return,  maya 12 V.
rice,  Hausa word:  shinkafa.
right, correct,  ��-nuu 232.
ripe,  ��-b��ra ~��-bra  231.
river: deep river,  gin-la�� 3312.
roast, grill,  fu 1 V.
roast in ash,  v. fry.
robe,  v. shirt.
room,  gu-da/��-da  22/22.
root,  ��-na�� 111.
rope,  u-lek 23.
rotten (be),  ca 3 V.
rough,  u-nyinyaga 1112.
round,  i-ki��kili 3-3323,  i-ki��kiri 1-3323.
run,  ci�� 22 V.


S,s

sack,  a-buhu/��-buhuna 112/2232.
saliva,  be-nshu 122.
sand,  i-shi 11.
sauce,  v. soup.
say,  co 1 V.
scabies,  i-kpaara 1113.
search,  v. look for.
see,  kye 2 V.
seed,  i-ywa/iywa 12/33.
seek,  v. look for.
sell,  l��p 2 V.
send,  t��ba 22 V.
sense, intelligence,  ��-mina 111.
seven,  t�փ�paa 3122  ~-t��paala 3113 (in 17),  ~-t�փ�paala 1113 (in 70).
seventeen,  k��pirit��paala 1113113.
seventy,  s��kit�փ�paala 1311113.
sew,  taa 32 V.
shallow,  v. deep.
sharp,  zha 2 V (< eat).
sharpen, whet,  piini 222~223 V.
shatter,  jwa�� 21 V.
she, he,  �Á@subj.pron.
shea-nuts tree,  i-kono/i-kono 113/333.
sheep,  g��-ci��/b��-ci��  212/113.
shin,  gi-b��k/in-b��k 23/223 ~ gib��k gupra/inb��k ��pra 2311/22311.
shirt, gown, robe,  gu-k��kri/��-k��kri 133 ~233/133, ~232/132,  ~gu- k��k��gri
  /��-k��k��gri 1233/1233
shoe, ��-laka 122.
shoot,  ta 1 V.
shoulder,  gu-kli/��-kli 21/21.
show,  gri 2 V.
sickness,  gu-vyu 22.
silent,  i-linla�� 2-2233.
silk cotton tree,  gu-kuumu��/��-kuumu�� 1222/1222.
sing,  tak ��n-ce 2 332.
sixteen,  k��piricunu 11131. 
sit down,  tia 22 ~titia 222.
six,  in-cunu 3332.
sixteen,  k��piricunu 11131.
sixty,  s��kicunu 1311.
skin,  gu-kulu/��-kulu 233/233 ~133/133.
skin,  v. flay.
slash, fell, chop (tree),  cam 3 V.
slaughter,  waa 32 V.
sleep,  puna 23 V.
slow,  see 11 ( u-* ).
small,  u-fufyen 2-232.
smoke,  in-cin 1133.
snail,  gi-kodi/nyin-kodi 3-22/23-22.
soak, jika 12 V; soaked,  jikaagi 1112 (<jika).
soft: soft and fine,  u-kpi��kpulu 1-323, ~i-kpi��kpulu 1-323;  soft (of meat)
  u-nak 21.
sole (of foot),  i-par/i-par 23/13~23, ~ipar gupra/ipar ��pra 2311/2311 (sole 
  of foot).
something,  u-lushu 233.
song,  ��n-ce/an-ce 332/332.
sore,  v. wound.
soup, sauce,  in-tri 111.
sow,  tukuru 331 V.
spit,  v. pour.
spittle,  v. saliva.
split,  sana 22 V.
squat on heels,  lil��gu  3232 (<l��k* 3 V).
squeeze, wring (clothes),  mu��ni 13 V. 
squirrel,  v. ground-squirrel.
stab,  cwa�� 22 V.
stand,  ta�� 22 ~tita�� 122.
stand up,  nya 1  ~nyinya 12 V.
star,  ��-mar/��-mar 12/23.
steal,  ji 2 V.
still,  i-linla�� 22233.
stink,  nyu�� 13 V.
stone,  i-gba��/i-gba�� 12/23;  small stone, gravel,  i-sa��/i-sa�� 111/233.
storm,  gu-lluru 233.
stream,  gu-zri/��-zri  22/22.
sugar-cane,  ��-reke/��-reke 113/223.
sun,  u-num 222.
swallow,  ��wan 2 V.
sweep,  nyere 23 V.
swollen (become),  gumura 113 V.
syphilis,  Hausa word: tunjere. 


T,t

table,  ��-tebur/��-tebur 131/231.
tail,  u-shene/i-shene  333/333.
take, ��a 2 V, ��ar 2~3 V,  yi�� 33~22 V
take off (clothes),  weni 23 V.
talkativeness, noise,  ��-bin 311.
teach,  yolo 23, yulu 22~32 V.
tear,  pe(e) 3(3) V.
ten,  nuk��p 12, ~-k��p 1 (sg. in the forms of ten to nineteen); -s��k 1 (pl. 
  in compound numbers above twenty).
termite,  di-baala 2223.
testicles,  i-maga 111.
that dem.,  ��-nyera 232.
that conj.,  shi 3.
thatching grass,  i-kuba 133.
the  -�� 1  definite article (< H.);  a ~o   2~(3)1;  agu 13?
theft,  gu-ji 22.
their,  maa 22~32.
there,  gu-fra 22  ~fra 2;  ~o 2,  ~-a 2.
thick,  u-yweyup 131~1331  ~u-yuyop 123.
thief, ��-tugu 113.
thigh,  gu-k��l/��-k��l 23/23.
thirteen,  k��pirita 1113.
thirty,  s��kitaa 1323.
this,  ��-nyeri 232.
thorn,  ��-kan/��-kan 11/21.
thousand,  ��-dubu 233:  one thousand,  ��dubu (��z�҃�) 23312,  two thousand
  ��dubu ��paala 2331223,  ten thousand  ��dubu u k��p 23322,  twenty thousand
  ��dubu s��k ipaala  23313223.
three,  in-taa 3333~3323  ~di-taa 223  ~ta 3(in composite  numbers 13, 23 ).
throat, windpipe,  a-wokl�� 222.
throw away,  ta 1~2 V.
tick,  i-bam 122.
tie (rope),  ywap 3 V.
till,  v. hoe.
to (infinitive),  gu- 1~2~3.
today,  u-bii 232.
toe,  if��pra/if��pra 131/231.
tongue,  di-lum/��-lum 33/33.
tooth,  di-z��ri/��-z��ri 22/222 ~333/333.
touch,  pya [pia] 3 V.
town,  u-ta��/pl.?  1/pl.?.
transplant,  v. sow.
tree,  i-k�փ� 32,  gin-shi/nin-shi 232/232.
true,  v. truth.
truth,  di-pa�� 111.
turning round?,  v. circle.
twelve,  k��piripaala 1111113.
twenty,  s��k-ipaala 1-3113.
two,  in-pw�փ� 3322,  -paala 113.


U,u
unripe,  v. raw.
untie,  b��g��ri 222 V.
urinate,  p��li 13, sii be-p��li 1322133.
urine,  b��-pli 23,  be-p��li 133. 


V,v

vagina,  i-s��l/no pl. 11.
vegetable,  ��-nu�� 323.
vein, ��-cop/��-cop  ~��-c��p/��-c��p 12/23.
voice,  di-wi 23. 
vomit,  kuu 22 V.
vulture,  a��gulu 112.


W,w

waist,  g��-b��li//b��-b��li 223/223.
want,  waa 32 V.walk,  ci�� 22 V.walk,  ci�� 22 V.
warthog,  g��-ll��ba/b��-ll��ba  133/1113.
wash:  wash (things),  kura 33;  wash (body), bathe,  sala 13.
water,  g��-llam  322  ~g��-lla�� 111 ~ga-lla�� 111~211,  pl. imi-nimbal 13- 
  1131;  imi-nimbal 22-2231  ~imi-nimbal /mmi-nimbal 13-112~13-1131/23-112.
weave,  naga 13 V.
weed,  v. hoe. 
weep, cry,  saa 22 V.
well, water-hole,  ��-riijiya  23312.
what,  i-shi 23,  shine? 32.
where,  ni 2  ~nyi 2,  shi 3.
whet,  v. sharpen.
which,  a-li�� 132.
white,  u-shi 13  ~u-shii 232.
who,  i-nya��/be-nya�� 122/333.
wide,  u-kpup��l/kpiip��l  23/1123.
wild,  v. lugu? 23,  ge-llobu 312.
wild pig,  v. warthog.
wind,  u-uru 111.
windpipe,  v. throat.
without,  sa��u 32 V?.
woman,  a-nyincal/b��-cal 21121/232.
wood, tree,  i-k�փ� 32.
work,  i-lam 32.
wound,  u-kogu/i-kogu 111/111.  
wrist,  u-co gu-nyu��/i-co nyu�� 2211/ 221  wrist (neck of arm). 
wrong,  v. right.


Y,y

yam,  gi-sel/in-sel 13~23/13.
yesterday,  u-le 23  ~u-l�� 23.
you (sg), ��-��u 11  you here (?),  a-��u 11  you there(?).
young,  v. new.
young man, youth,  wanepar/b��-wanepar 1131/12131.
your (pl.),  nu�� 22~33.
youth,  v. young man.




    SHIMIZU, Kiyoshi:       <shimizu@let.kumamoto-u.ac.jp>