テンボ語の声調の通時的特性
                (historical characteristics of Tembo tone)

                         梶　茂樹（Shigeki Kaji）
                                    <skaji@aa.tufs.ac.jp

Abstract

(N.B. in what follows, high tone is marked with an acute accent "{"
and low tone with a grave accent "}" in Proto-Bantu, and is left unmarked
in Tembo. 
   Tense vowels are followed by the symbol $).

   With respect to tone reversal in Bantu languages, the example of     
Luba (L.31) is well-known and has been the subject of several works.    
Here, I draw attention to another language with tone reversal, namely   
Tembo (J.57), which is spoken by some 50,000 people in the eastern part 
of Zaire (Kivu Region), hundreds of kilometers away from the Luba-      
speaking region, and which the author has been studying in the field    
since 1976.

   Although some irregularities are found, tone reversal as such is per-
fect in Tembo. 
   Examples include : 
       *-ti{ 'tree' > -ci} mu{ci 3,4;
       *-ntu} 'person'> -ndzu{ mu{ndzu{ 1,2;
       *-ke{de{ 'frog' > -ke}re} ci{kere 7,8;
       *-di&{mu} 'spirit' > -si}mu{ mu{simu{ 1,2;
       *-bu$}ma{ 7 'fruit' > -fu{ma} ci{fu{ma 7,8;
       *-bi}di} 'body' > -bi{lyi{ mu{bi{lyi{ 3,4;
       *-di${m- 'to be extinguished' > -si}m- ku{sima{;
       *-di}d-  'to cry' > -li{r- ku{li{ra{.
       
   Four rules, viz. Final High Lowering, High Tone Spreading, High Tone 
Anticipation and High Contour Leveling are postulated to explain this   
historical phenomenon (the rules are to apply in the order given).
      
   Whereas the analysis requires a global reference to etymological 
tones, the problem of globability is managed by considering pre-Tembo 
low tones as toneless (φ), a solution parallel to the synchronic one 
proposed by Hyman and Valinande (1985) in their analysis of Nande tones.

   The derivations from Proto-Bantu to Tembo for nominals of mono- and  
disyllabic stems are summarized as follows (in the Proto-Bantu forms,   
the first H represents the augment, and the following L the nominal     
prefix):
      a. *H-L-H > HφH > HRL > HHL;
      b. *H-L-L > Hφφ > HHφ > HHH;    
      c. *H-L-HH > HφHH > HφHL > HRLL > HHLL;
      d. *H-L-HL > HφHφ > HφHH > RLH > HHLH;
      e. *H-L-LH > HφφH > HφRL > HHHL;
      f. *H-L-LL > Hφφφ > HHφφ > HHHφ > HHHH.