Joint ResearchResearch Resources19OverviewTraining and Capacity BuildingCitizenship for Migrants and Refugees: A Comparative Study of Institution and Practices about Inclusion and Exclusion from Nation-StatesProject term: April 2011 – March 2014Coordinator: NISHIKIDA, AikoThe purpose of this project is to clarify the current development of migration in light of the complex acquisition of citizenship and residency to investigate inclusion and exclusion of migrants and refugees from nation-states. In pursuit of this aim, we will consider the idea of nationality, membership in the nation-state, citizenship, and the potential rights of citizens that usually accompany nationality separately, and will explore the possibility of unilateral development for each. Modern phenomena such as activated transnational movements and the prevalence of supra-national associations illuminate the difculty of coping with human mobility by each country separately. It has become irrelevant to consider migrants and refugees as deviant factors of societies; instead, new ideas are required to understand their situation. Thus, the research questions will be: Is it possible to expect citizenship without nationality? How do the current nation-states tackle the issues of nationality and citizenship? What is the relationship between citizenship and national identity? We will invite scholars who share an interest in these questions and investigate them through comparative study of institutions, and policies and practices about citizenship.How to Write African History — New Perspectives and MethodsProject term: April, 2011 – March, 2014Coordinator: NAGAHARA,YokoThere is a widespread misunderstanding among Africanists that the principal discipline for reconstructing and representing African history is anthropology because African societies are non-literate and oral sources should be used instead of searching for non-existent written records. This kind of understanding/misunderstanding is often related to the division of the African continent into Sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa. This division is combined with another division of the African Continent into the Christian/heathen part and the Islamic part, although these have different implications. We can further point out that the distinction between Islamic and non-Islamic parts have been disproportionately emphasized in contemporary world politics since 9/11. The present research project rst examines the problems around the regional division and considers the possibility and impossibility of understanding and representing the Continent as a whole, without necessarily being committed to the Pan-African idea. The problem of regional division is at the same time related to that of periodization. One should be careful in applying the common division of pre-colonial, colonial, and postcolonial eras. We should pay more attention to the historical phenomena which can be found through two or three of these eras. In questioning the division of time and space in African history, we attach importance to Africa’s connection with the outside world. It has been reected only fragmentarily in the traditional African historiography with a few exceptions. Cooperation with the researchers of the history of the Middle East and the Indian Ocean seems essential in this regard.How to deal with the historical sources is essential in this research. We must make good use of written records in the parts of Africa where the Islam is dominant, but other records such as those in Ethiopia, for instance, are also examined. Examining the possibility of colonial records and missionary records from a new perspective is also a part of our task. Relationship between these written sources and oral sources will be a focal point of this research.Throughout the research project the viewpoint of gender will be given great importance.It will help us to nd new sources, both written and oral, and to reconsider the dominant division of time and space in African history.Early Modern Islamic States and Plural SocietiesProject term: April, 2011 – March, 2014Coordinator: KONDO, Nobuakia. Japan has a number of researchers who are studying Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal history. However, these researchers are scattered throughout Japan, so it is difcult to exchange information. The project offers researchers an
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