Afghanistan, Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, and wherever he went, he warned the growing danger of European invasion and urged the need for unity of Muslims in order to fight against it. As he thought that inner decay, such as despotism, intellectual stagnation and factionary fights among the rulers, was major source of the weakness of Muslim states, he strongly encouraged Muslim youth to fight for constitutional liberties, Islamic reform and Pan-Islamism. His political, social and theological revolutionary thought attracted a number of Muslims, and even now, main trend of Muslim intellectuals continues to adopt his attitude. This project aims to re-examine modern history of the Muslim world and the meaning of "modernity" for Muslims, through the study of his thought, activities and influences upon the various Muslim countries. Typography and Font History(Coordinator: SHIBANO Kohji) We aim to clarify the following points by analysing the transitions of Chinese characters that have been used in the modern letterpress which started in the 18th Century: 1. The so-called Kangxi typefaces, 2. Fonts in common, 3. Fundamental design of Ming-style type. Through this study we aim to prepare an academic basis for the decisions of typical fonts of the new JIS code, while we would like to able to contribute to the academic basis of problems of fonts of Chinese characters that are being discussed at the Japanese Language Council. We collect Kangxi font lexicons and sample books containing all the types from 18th century. Databases of font-collations for each letter are prepared. This database forms the basis for the research. The outcome of this work will be applied to the typical fonts of the new JIS code. It can also be used as a fundamental information to set up the typical fonts that can be used after the revisions of JIS X0208. The final report will be published in a book form.Advanced Studies on the Indian Ocean Area(Coordinator: FUKAZAWA Hideo) The Indian Ocean Area is a comprehensive historical arena comprising peoples with diverse languages and cultures interacting over 2000 years. In other words, it is a world of pluralism and multi-layeredness. The Indian Ocean Area existed before the 16th century when the modern world system came into being. From the 8th to the 16th centuries, the Indian Ocean Area with the Indian subcontinent in between linked Arabia, the East African region and the Southeast Asian region through trade and migration. The dynamism of this Area is now recognized to have exerted great influence on the history, the formation of states and their cultures of the land areas in the Indian Ocean. Furthermore, the Indian Ocean Area was enclosed by the modern world system dominated by the West. Not only the land areas but sea areas were divided by the sovereign states or territorial states. During this time, however, traffic across the Ocean continued. Measures promoted by Western powers such as slave trade, the emigration of contract workers and their colonizing activities on a global scale increased the need of both human and material traffic across the Ocean area. Thus, the network in the area was further expanded. Participants in this joint research project are researchers specializing in society, language, culture, technique/technology, and agriculture in Oceania, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Arabia, East Africa, and the Indian archipelago. With a common perspective of the Indian Ocean Area World, they will, for the initial three years, discuss the feasibility of approaching this pluralistic and multi-layered world.8
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