03-01-428

428

WESTERN PRONOMINALIZED LANGUAGES.

　Kansh is the dialect spoken by a small tribe in the Bias valley. It is apparently closely related to Kanwr, though it makes a less complex impression.

　A similar remark holds good with regard to the dialects spoken in Manchat in British Lahul and the adjoining parts of the Chamba State, and on the banks of the river Chandra. They will be dealt with under the heads of Manch, Chamba Lhu and Rangl, respectively. With regard to Chamba Lhu, new and good materials have been brought forward by the Revd. T. Grahame Bailey.

　The Rangl dialect connects Manch with Bunn, the dialect spoken on the banks of the river Bhaga. The Revd. H. A. Jaeschke, when mentioning the Bunn dialect in a paper published in the year 1865, stated that it was closely connected with Kanwr. The same holds good at the present day, though the materials forwarded for the purposes of this Survey are not sufficient for a full sketch of the dialect.

　Connected dialects are further spoken in the north-west of Almora, where we find four dialects which will be dealt with under the heads of Rangkas, Drmiy, Chaudngs and Byngs, respectively. They are closely related, and more especially, the so-called Chaudngs and Byngs are almost one and the same dialect.

　In all of them we find the same tendency to distinguish the person of the subject by means of a pronominal suffix added to the verb. Compare Chaudngs s-n-s, struckest, where n is the suffix of the second person. The corresponding suffix of the first person is g. Compare the suffixes ng and n in the eastern sub-group.

　The Almora dialects still present another characteristic feature which may be worth mentioning in this connexion, viz. the frequent use of reduplication in verbal bases. Compare Chaudngs k-kr-t, brought; syung-t and sy-syung-t, made. The latter example shows that the reduplication is not necessary to the form. It apparently only intensifies the meaning. We can therefore perhaps compare the reduplication in Mu languages which is used in the same way. Compare Santl dal, to strike; da-dal, to strike hard.

　Further details will be found under the head of the different dialects.

　The close connexion existing between all these forms of speech will be at once apparent from an inspection of the list of Standard Words and Phrases on pp. 532 and ff. The short table which follows registers some striking instances of coincidence:-

	Kanwr.	Kanash.	Manch.	Bunn.	Rangkas.	Drmiy.	Chaudangs.	Byngs.
1	it	it	idi	tiki	tk	tk	tig	tig
2	nish	nish	(ju)	nyis	nis	nis	nis	nis
4	p	pu	p	pi	pi	pi	pi	pi
7	stish	...	nyij	nyizhi	nhis	ns	ns	ns
Ear	(kanang)	rad	rea	retsi	rach	racho	rach	rach
Far	vark	(dur)	wai	wai	hvnm	vnam	vnam	vnam
Field	ri	rhe	rhi	rig	rai	r	r	rai
Horse	rang	(ghora)	rhang	shrangs	rh	rng	rng	rng
Water	ti	ti	ti	so-ti	ti	ti	ti	ti